Term
|
Definition
Strictly marine
Secondarily radial, larva are bilateral
Mostly pentaradial symmetry
Endoskeleton present
Pincer-like appendages on body (pedicellariae)
Water vascular system
Complete digestive system
No excretory system
No brain, nervous system simple
External fertilization in most |
|
|
Term
| Water vascular system levels |
|
Definition
Madreporite -
stone canal -
ring canal -
radial canals -
ampulla -
tube feet |
|
|
Term
| Water vascular system digram |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
cleavage is radial and indeterminate
coelom forms from fold of archenteron
anus develops from blastopore, mouth develops second |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Starfish
Arms not defined from central disc
Derman spines are short
Ambulacrum
Tube feet with suckers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Brittle Stars
Largest class of Echinoderms
Long thin arms
Tube feet lack suckers
Many lack anus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Sea urchins, sand dollars, sea biscuits
Lack arms
Plates fused into 'test'
Some covered with spines
Tube feet pronounced on aboral end |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Sea cucumbers
Elongate pantaramous
Reduced endoskeleton
Crawl on side, tube feet around mouth gather food
Self evisceration |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Sea lilies
Sessile filter feeders
Many on long stalks
Oral surface up
Arms out and up
Ancient group |
|
|
Term
| Hallmarks of Chordate Evolution (5) |
|
Definition
Notochord
Dorsal hollow nerve cord
Pharyngeal gill pouches/slits
Post anal tail
Thyroid gland |
|
|
Term
| Subphylum Cephalochordata |
|
Definition
Invertebrate Chordates - lancelets
Fish shaped
Characteristics visible
Filter feeders
Abundant in shallow marine habitats |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Invertebrate Chordates - tunicates
Larva - has all four characteristics, looks like a tadpole
Adult - sessile, greatly reduced tail, notochord, nerve cord, and nervous system |
|
|
Term
| Metamorphosis to adult of tunicates |
|
Definition
Secrete protective tunic
Suspension feeder
Incurrent and excurrent siphons
Pharynx has gill slits - traps food in mucus secreted by endostyle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Less diverse than invertebrates
Generally more adaptable
Charismatic megafauna |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Cephalaspidomorphi
Chondrichthyes
Actinophterygii
Actinista
Dipnoi
Amphibia
Reptilia
Mammalia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Hagfish
Lack vertebral column
Notochord persists throughout life
Mine scavengers
Lack jaws
Lack paired appendages
Secrete slime in defense |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Possess a vertebral column - reinforce longitudinal axis of body, cartilage or bone
Have an endoskeleton - living tissue that grows
Pronounced cephalization - 10 to 12 pairs of cranial nerves
Two pair of appendages in most
Closed circulatory system - ventral heart, blood contains hemoglobin
Complex digestive tract - specialized regions: liver and pancreas
Endocrine glands
Paired kidneys
Sexes usually separate |
|
|
Term
| Class Cephalaspidomorphi/Petromyzontida |
|
Definition
Jawless fish/northern lampreys
Many are predators - local species filter feeders
Anadromous - marine but spawn in fresh water
Horny teeth in mouth - keratin, not bone |
|
|
Term
| Evolution of jaws & paired appendages |
|
Definition
Jaws derived from gill arches
Provided better prey capture methods
Appendages allowed more rapid movement
Both allowed larger size |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Chondrichthyes
Actinopterygii
Sarcopterygii
Actinistia
Dipnoi |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Sharks, skates, rays, chimeras
Skeleton of cartilage
Teeth not attached to jaw
most are fast moving predators
Placoid scales, oil in liver, five to seven pairs of gills, lateral line, glands of Lorenzini
Short digestive tract
Male pelvic fins adapted to transfer sperm
Oviparous - lay eggs
Ovoviviparous - eggs retained in female
Viviparous - female nourishes young with placenta |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
ray finned fishes
bony skeleton
body with scales
operculum covers gills
swim bladder provides bouyancy
40,000 species
Fins supported by rays of cartilage or bone
Size range from 1cm to 4m |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Lobe finned fish
Fins supported by bony structures
Probable ancestor to tetrapods |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Coelacanths
Thought to be extinct until 1938
Two distinct species
Deep ocean fish
~6 ft in length |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Lungfish (salamanderfish)
Swim bladder functions as lung
Survive desiccation in mucus lined burrows
Enamel on teeth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Challenges : sensory systems, homeostasis, anatomy, behavior
Adaptations: Eyes facing sideways and forwards, Head and neck mobility, fused sacrum, loss of gills, lateral line, and smaller tail fins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Class Amphibia
Class Reptilia
Class Mammalia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Mostly Aquatic
Limb girdles weak
Saclike lungs
Metamorphosis common
Three orders |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Salamanders
Many lack lungs (breathe through skin)
Mudpuppies - paedomorphosis common
Newts - juveniles terrestrial, adults aquatic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Caecilians - limbless serpentine amphibians
Lack legs
found in moist areas
many lack eyes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Frogs and Toads
legs for hopping and walking
Some provide parental care
Larva called tadpoles
Some undergo direct development |
|
|
Term
| True terrestrials features |
|
Definition
Amniotic egg
-amnion around embryo (pong)
-yolk sac for nutrient storage
-gas exchange (chorion)
-waste sequestering (allantois)
skin that prevents water loss
internal adaptations for water retention
limb girdles more structural |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
egg enclosed in leathery/calcareous shell
Internal fertilization
Dry scaly skin
Chambered lungs
Three/four chambered heart
Ecto- and endotherms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Protective shell - carapace, plastron
aquatic and terrestrial
oldest order of reptiles - little changed in 200 million years |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Most recent reptiles
Most snakes are secondarily legless
Kinetic jaw
Overlapping scales |
|
|
Term
| Crocodiles, Alligators etc.. |
|
Definition
fast predators
parental care
four chambered heart
ancestor to mammals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Specializations for flight:
feathers
hollow bones
learge sternal keel (carina) for flight muscles
many bones are fused
reduction in internal organs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Covered with hair
Mammary glands
Differentiation of teeth
Three middle ear bones
Complex nervous system - cerebral cortex
Placenta in many
Three subclasses:
Holtheria - monotremes
Metatheria - marsupials
Eutheria - Placental mammals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Lays eggs
Lack nipples - milk secreted onto hair
Duckbilled platypus
Echidna (spiny anteaters) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Give birth to underdeveloped young
Marsupium
Attach to nipple to complete development
Australia, Central & South America
Only one in North America |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
True placentals
Orders determined by skulls and dentition
Most familiar group to many
Gestation from 15 days to 2 years
Most diverse are bats and rodents |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Posterior orifice in amphibians and reptiles that serves for reproduction, urination, and digestion |
|
|
