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| species could be arranged in a linear sequence. Shows the fixed plan behind nature, with man at the top |
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| all of nature is designed in accord with a predetermined, benevolent, and supernatural plan |
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| started the philosophical school of Natural Theology. Wrote Wisdom of God in Creation |
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| revived Natural Theology. Viewed the creator as the master gardener, or cosmic watchmaker. Wrote Natural Theology |
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| maintained that every living thing was perfectly adapted to its way of life |
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| Swedish botanist. Set out to reveal the divine plan by collecting and classifying plants. Believed that species were fixed and distinct types, and therefore could not evolve or change. Grouped similar plants together, based on their reproductive structures. Wrote Systema Natura. Invented the modern system of classification, binomial nomenclature. |
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| wrote Histoire Naturelle. Theorized that animals were formed from an internal mold. Each family of animals had diverged from a common ancestor and that common ancestor had been specially created. |
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| Jeane Baptiste de Lamarck |
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| believed that organisms were shaped by their environment and could evolve. Theory of the Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics. First person to study invertebrates. Thought that evolution had to be both predetermined and progressive. |
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| System of Linear Development. Wrote Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation. |
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| a naturalist who was about to publish an essay on Darwin’s unpublished theory |
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wrote An Essay on the Principle of Population. Population would increase geometrically, but resources could only increase arithmetically.
• struggle for existence- the growing gap between too many people and too few resources |
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| wrote Genetics and the Origin of Species. Translated the complex models of population genetics into terms the field biologists could understand. |
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| average value of a trait is shifted in a particular direction (higher or lower) |
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| Acts to stabilize the population around some average value |
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| The environment selects for the 2 extremes, against the average, splitting the population in 2 or more types |
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| Shared, derived characteristics |
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| taxon containing the common ancestor and all of its descendents |
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| Contains the common ancestor but only some descendents |
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| Contains the common ancestor but only some descendents |
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| Contains some descendant species, but not common ancestor |
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| Thick mats of cyanobacteria that for back 2.7 million years. One of the first ecosystems on earth. |
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| Not important in the ocean. Very important on land. Requires a support system on land. |
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| Importance of Fossil Record |
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| Line of evidence for evolution. Shows the evolutionary history of life on earth. |
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| Base of many food chains. Nitrogen fixation essential for agriculture. Many of our common food products would not exist without them. Pathogens. Antibiotics. Primary decomposer of organic matter, recycling materials for other organisms to use. |
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| Importance of Cyanobacteria |
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| Stromatolites a very early habitat for ancient organisms. Created earth's oxygen atmosphere and account for most of the oxygen being added today. |
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| Importance of Dinoflagellates |
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| Symbionts in the tissues of mollusks, sea anemones, jellyfish, and corals. Enormous production of coral reefs. Limit coral reefs to survivng in shallow waters, where sunlight can reach the dinoflagellates. Algal blooms can become red tide and kill many sea life, doing a ton of damage to the seafood industry. |
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| Food chain. Account for a large percentage of the oxygen produced each year. Dead shells mined for commercial use (diatomaceous earth, abrasives, talcs and chalk). Various species used as indicator species of clean or polluted water. |
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| Agar in culture plates. Carrageenan (used as a thickening agent in ice cream, paint, lunch meats, cosmetics, beer and wine) |
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