Term
| The word "hyphen" comes from the Greek phrase meaning... |
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Definition
| "under one", "into one", or "together" |
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Term
| Johannes Gutenberg is credited with two things, which are... |
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Definition
starting a writing revolution,
and printing the first hyphen |
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Term
| The hyphen's first use was for the classic H&J (_____________) typeset. It is still seen like this today. |
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Definition
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Term
| The hyphen first looked like... so that way it wouldn't be confused with the...because it used to look like a slash |
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Definition
a short, equal sign looking figure
-
comma, which looked like a slash |
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Term
| There are eleven different times to use the hyphen. Name these different circumstances. |
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Definition
1. It is inserted into words to prevent vagueness with the meaning of the word,
2. It is used when age is a form of measurement
3. To indicate hesitation
4. To spell words out
5. It is used for noun phrases qualifying other nouns
6. Proper nouns
7. To avoid word collision
8. With certain prefixes
9. To indicate an unfinished word that continues on the next line
10. It applies before a hyphenated noun phrase as well
11. When after marriage, one uses both last names |
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Term
| The apostrophe was first introduced to the ___ language in ____ by _______ in order to indicate the omission of _____ vowels |
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Definition
| French, 1530, Geoffrey Troy, silent |
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Term
| The English did not start using the apostrophe until the __ century |
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Definition
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Term
| The English did not start using the apostrophe until the __ century |
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Definition
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Term
| When the English first used it, the apostrophe was used to mark ______ letters |
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Definition
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Term
| Apostrophe means the Greek phrase "__________", which explains it's main use until the ___ century |
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Definition
turning away,
17th century |
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Term
| _____________ ("one of the greatest writers of all time") was one of the first people to introduce the apostrophe to the public |
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Definition
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Term
| During the 17th century, the apostrophe gradually changed to also indicate _______ possessive cases. By the 18th century, it was also used for ______ possessive cases |
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Definition
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Term
| There are eleven different situations where one can use the apostrophe. Name these eleven different circumstances. |
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Definition
1. To indicate certain plurals of lowercase letters ('60s)
2. To form possessives of nouns
3. To indicate a singular possessive
4. To indicate time or quantity
5. To indicate the omission of numbers in dates
6. To indicate the omission of letters (won't, shouldn't)
7. To indicate strange, non-standard english words
8. Irish names
9. To indicate plurals of letters
10. To indicate plurals of words
11. TO indicate contractions (it's, who's, you're, etc.) |
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Term
| Italics were invented in the __ century |
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Definition
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Term
| Italics are the print equivilent of _______. They are often used to help set apart certain text from the surrounding text. |
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Definition
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Term
| Italics are used in four different situations. Name these situations. |
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Definition
1. To tell the titles of newspapers, films, books, and albums
2. To put emphasis on certain words
3. On foreign words or phrases
4. For writing examples about language |
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Term
| The first ampersand (&) was first seen in Rome in ___ AD. The letters "e" and "t" from the Latin word "et" meaning ___ were combined to make the ampersand. |
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Definition
1 AD.
The Latin letters
meaning "and" |
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Term
| It took ____ years before the ampersand became what it looks like today. It is referred to as the _____ ampersand. |
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Definition
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Term
| The ampersand was not called so until the _______. Before that, it was taught as the _________. When taught in schools, children would recite "and, per se, and". Eventually this slurred into ampersand. |
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Definition
1800's,
the 27th letter of the alphabet |
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Term
| There are five situations in which the ampersand is used. Name these situations. |
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Definition
1. In company and product names
2. When writing a couple's name
3. In APA Citation format
4. It can be used in a list in which the"and" is not separating the items of the list, but rather apart of the list
5. Instead of the phrase "etc", the ampersand can be used to express this as well. Just put the ampersand in front of the c, like this: "&c" |
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Term
| The dash is essentially used to _____ or ______ phrases or sentences. It ______ be used in formal writing. |
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Definition
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Term
| The dash is used in two ways. Name these ways. |
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Definition
1. To offset a sentence mid-thought
2. To create a pause |
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Term
| The comma was originally used as a system of ____ to tell actors when ________ |
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Definition
| dots, to pause for a breath |
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Term
| The comma was first used by __________. |
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Definition
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Term
| There are seven instances in which to use a comma. Name these instances. |
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Definition
1. to separate items in a list — the last comma before “and” (Oxford comma) is a matter of preference
2. to aid accurate pausing when reading aloud
3. to join two complete sentences, using conjunctions
4. to fill gaps ex: I hope so, but I doubt it.
5. commas before direct speech
6. to set off interjections: “Stop, or I’ll scream.”
7. come in pairs to mark a weak interruption or additional information |
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Term
| The colon was adopted into the English language sometime before the _____'s. |
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Definition
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Term
| Grammarians used to separate the colon, comma, period, and semi-colon by their "weight" to explain their difference. The comma was ___ stop, the semicolon was ____, the colon was ____, and the period was ____. |
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Definition
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Term
| There are six instances in which one can use the colon. Name these instances. |
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Definition
1. Usually, a complete sentence follows the colon. The new info is usually something new and exciting. EX: This much is clear, Watson: it was the baying of an enormous hound.
2. It can separate two polar (opposite) sentences. EX: Business in the front: Party in the back.
3. They start lists. EX: Kerry-Anne found that there were three qualities she disliked in other people: Britishness; superior airs; and a feigned lack of interest in her dusting of freckles.
4. The separate titles from subtitles. EX: NCIS: Los Angeles
5. They separate characters from dialogue. EX: Proctor: Where’s a bird? I see no bird!
6. They start of long quotations. EX: Perhaps the blog VentureBeat put it best: “Twitter appears to have a problem sharing friends.” |
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Term
| Quotation marks were first used in the ___ century. They were first used to emphasize important text (this role is now filled by italics). |
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Definition
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Term
| quotation marks were first used for direct speech in _____. Although, in 1749, single quotations (inverted commas) were used for direct speech |
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Definition
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Term
| Quotation mark usage PART 1: |
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Definition
* Use of single versus double quotation marks
o single quotation marks are used for:
+ quotations within quotations
+ quote marks in headlines
o double quotes can be used as:
+ marks to denote quotation (used at beginning and end of quote)
+ scare quotes-- used to imply irony or disbelief in quoted word/phrase |
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Term
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Definition
* When to use quotes in a sentence.
o THEY ARE NOT USED TO SHOW EMPHASIS.
o Their purpose is to either directly quote what someone has said
o To show irony or sarcasm
o Indicate that someone is talking |
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Term
| Rules for where to place punctuation: |
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Definition
* Where to place punctuation
o Almost always placed inside of the quotes, with a few exceptions.
o Those exceptions are when using a quote mid sentence and it is only a portion of the quote and the sentence continues after the quote is ended.
o Truss’s rule: “when the punctuation relates to the quoted words it goes inside the inverted commas; when it relates to the sentence, it goes outside” (155).
o when the speaker is acknowledged after the quote (i.e., he said, she said, etc.), a comma goes before the closing quotation marks (ex: “Hello,” Caitlin said.). If a question/exclamation mark is used, that mark will go before the closing quotation mark (ex: “Hey!” said Caitlin. “What’s up?” he said.). |
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Term
| In the 8th century, the question mark or ___________ was created as a mark of punctuation representing a lightning flash. Then, about ____ years later, the name “question mark” was acquired. Although in most countries they teach that question marks are placed at the end of questions, it has never caught on universally. |
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Definition
punctus interrogativus,
100 |
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Term
| A question mark is required when asking a direct question, and ARE NOT used when asking ________ or ____________. |
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Definition
| someone to do something or to make requests. |
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Term
| Medieval scribes used the semicolon in their transcripts to show that something had been __________. The medieval scribes also used the _________, a mark that is very similar to the semicolon in appearance.The Greeks also used a semicolon, but instead used the semicolon as ____________. |
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Definition
abbreviated,
punctus versus,
a question mark |
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Term
| In _____ the semicolon was revived by an Italian printer, _________, and the semicolon was gradually spread across Europe. |
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Definition
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Term
| Today the semicolon is used to show a relationship between two _____________. |
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Definition
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Term
| There are three instances in which one can use a semicolon. Name these insatnces. |
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Definition
1. A semicolon can join two independent clauses, or sentences, together that are closely related in thought.
2. Semicolons (should never be used with conjunctions EXCEPT FOR) should be used when the clauses are long or when the clauses already contain commas. For example: Some people’s favorite punctuation marks are commas, apostrophes, or semicolons; but others, for different reasons, prefer periods or question marks.
3. Use a semicolon between items in a list when any of the items have a comma. |
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Term
| Remember that after a semicolon the first word should not be capitalized unless it is a __________. |
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Definition
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Term
| There are two instances in which one can use the elipses (...). Name these two instances. |
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Definition
1.The first correct usage is to indicate that words are missing. Most guides suggest that it be typed with spaces in between the dots
2. The second correct usage is is to “trail off in an intriguing manner |
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Term
| The exclamation mark comes from the Latin word ___, meaning "exclamation of joy." |
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Definition
| io (written vertically, we are able to see the exclamation point as we know it now) |
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Term
The exclamation mark comes from the term _______, in which admiration referred to its Latin sense of wonderment.
In the early days the standard keyboard of a manual typewriter in the 1970s _____ offer an exclamation mark. |
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Definition
note of admiration,
did not |
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Term
| There are six instances in which one can use the exclamation mark. Name these instances. |
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Definition
1. involuntary ejaculations
2. to salute or invoke
3. to exclaim
4. for drama
5. o make a commonplace sentence more emphatic
6. to deflect potential misunderstanding of irony |
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Term
| Brackets are used for _____ and ___________. |
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Definition
| afterthoughts or editorial information |
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Term
| If using brackets within brackets, first use _______, followed by _______, followed by ______ brackets, followed by an ______ bracket. |
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Definition
| rounded, squared, curly, and then angled |
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Term
| The full stop, or period, was created by ________________ in the _____ century BC |
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Definition
Aristophanes of Byzantium,
third |
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Term
The full stop goes at the end of every non-exclamation or question sentence.
It indicates to the reader that the sentence has been ________.
In the English usage, you do not the full stop on the inside of quotation marks; you put a ______. |
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Definition
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Term
| An interrobang is a combination of the ________ and ____________. It is meant to indicate a question asked in an ________ manner |
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Definition
question mark and exclamation mark,
excited |
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