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8th Century - Tang Dynasty
An Lushan
Central Asian, Turkic Descent
Brought warfare and turmoil to the Tang
Commander under Yang Guifei - dispute with Yang Guifei sparked revolt. Managed to take capital
1. Fostered distrust of foreigners
2. Led to the weakening of the Tang, started it's descent into ultimate distructions |
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Last Capital of Shang Dynasty
Oracle bones were discovered
Burial site of last 9 Shang kings - Tomb of Fu Hao discovered
Sage kings were believed to have reigned here
1. Evidence of Human sacrifice in tombs
2. Stone tools and animal fossils discovered |
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An enlightened being who choses to remain in existence to help others.
Previously used to refer to reincarnations of Buddha.
1. Conduct at funeral dictates rebirth or second life.
2. Buddhism was relatively unknown at beginning of first century but influence grew until Sui unification 6th century) buddhism was widespread |
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Dominant school of thought in China under Tang and Song. 6th C. CE
Not based on scriptures
Translates as meditation
1. Chan buddhism was the awakening to the world around you
2. Enlightenment was achieved by meditation in itself |
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= Equal Field System
Land was given to people based on ability of people to tend land (Men>women # of labour animals). Could be past on to next generation. Taxed. Implemented by Northern Wei (5th Cent CE) Abolished by Tang (8th Cent)
1. Strengthened peasant class. Strong agricultural output
2. After abolishment by Tang economic strength was increased by switching to contract farming
3. Seen to transfer to Japan.
4. Example of involved early government |
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| Civil Service Examination System |
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7th Century - Sui and Tang
Attempt to select the best candidates for positions of state based on ability.
Even after Examination system was passed. The people would be inspected by officials for speaking ability, appearance, writing ability etc.
Could allow anyone to become a government official.
1. In prior dynasties all these positions were held by aristocrats and nobles. Associated with Classics theories on promotion by merit
2. Seen to influence Japan and Korea as well |
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5th Century BC
Spring and Autumn Period
Authored the 5 Classics
Believed in leading people through Morals and rituals instead of prohibitions and punishments
Philosopher accredited with theory of Confucianism
1. One of China's most significant influences. Teachings contributed to philosophy and religious guidings for more than 2000 years.
2. His teachings had political influence into almost all rulers of ancient China, Korea and Japan. Even rulers who were devout buddhists (Prince Shotoku) followed Confucian ideals. |
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=Late Han
Founded by Liu Xiu
Second segment of the Han dynasty. Established after end of Xin (1st century to 3rd century) Death of the emperor led to collapse and rise of Three Kingdoms Period
1. Beginning of the downfall of the great Han dynasty marred by rebellion
2. Collapse led to Three Kingdoms Period
3. Emperor was severely weakened because of too many strong factions |
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8th-3rd Century BCE
Encompassed Spring and Autumn Period and Warring States Period. Moved capital from Haojing to Chengzhou.
1. Breakup of Zhou into essentially independant states
2. Led to the hundred schools of thought: intellectual flourishment peaked by Mohism Daoism Confucianism and Legalism |
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7th Emperor of Han 2nd - 1st Cent. BC
Considered the greatest emperor of the Han Dynasty. Confucian teachings + Rapid Expansion
54 Year reign. Longest for next 18 centuries.
1. Vast territorial expansion of Han under Wu
2. Confucian politics from Wu influenced other Nations in contact |
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Fundamental Truths of Buddhism. Psychological not metaphysical or theological. Said to be the first teachings by buddha after his enlightenment.
(1) All life is inevitably sorrowful
(2) Sorrow is due to craving
(3) Sorrow can only be stopped by the stopping of craving
(4) Craving can be stopped through carefully disciplined conduct, exemplified by life of concentration and meditation of a buddhist monk
1. Buddhism was extremely influential on Chinese philosophy and religion
2. Common to all schools of thought of buddhism |
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3rd Century BC
Ying Zheng=Qin Shi Huangdi
Started great wall.
Wanted to be immortal, built terracotta army.
Unified China. Employed legalist system. Strict government ended 100 schools of though.
Standardized writings, currency, measurements.
Expanded reach of China |
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Confucius writing - Zhou
The book of Documents
The Books of Odes
The Books of Changes
The Rites
Spring and Autumn Annals
metaphysical, political, poetic, social, and historical.
used in Han to move away from Qin Ligalism
Oldest book in Chinese Lit.
Leadership by moral critical thinking. Self cultivation |
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Steppe tribes from Mongolia, Manchuria and N. China
Occupied China in Wu hu Luan Ha (created havoc in china)
Xiongnu, Jie, Di, Qiang, Xianbei |
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Written by Han Fei 3rd BC Student of Xunzi
One of the main texts of legalism
People are naturally driven by self infterest
"Vermin" =scholars, speechmakers, swordsman, merchants should be wiped out
Uses fixed punishments/rewards |
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Terracotta Clay Figures for Rituals
Used to protect souls of the dead
Modelled after humans, animals, things, buildings |
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Japanese Period 14/11th - 4th cent BC
Known for pottery using cords. no metal limited agriculture
Food and rituals showed evidence of Chinese, Korean influence.
Ate a lot of seafood |
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| Japanese word for divinity, supreme beings |
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Japan 3rd-5 cent CE
After Yayoi
Empress Pimiko
Derived authority from China
Rulers were intermediaries between people and Kami
13 Tribute missions to China
Encompassed Yamato period
rise of strength of Japan
Immigration and diplomatic relation with Korea
Centralized Politics
Haniwa in tombs |
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11th BC
Founder of Zhou
Waged war with Shang |
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Son of King Wen
Overthrew Shang at Battle of Muye
Acting on Mandate of Heaven
Started long trend of overthrowing bad leaders |
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One of the 3 kingdoms of Korea
After fall of Han Koguryo raided into China
Eventually lost to Silla-Tang alliance
Most expansive
Warrior societies where women held positions of power |
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2nd BC-4th CE
One of the chinese settled outposts intended to quell uprisings and oversee trade
Eventually fell to Koguryo
Example of trading society and close relationships with Japan, Korea |
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Gaozu
Founder of Han
Of Humble Birth
Created the 3 article code
1. Murders will be killed
2. Other infractions would be punished relative to their severity
3. all other laws of Qin are revoked
Rise to power by merit
Han confucianism rose under liu bang
valued farming and mining over secondary industries |
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| The idea that the ruling authorities were allowed to rule because of the natural endowment. When a group/ruler lost the mandate of heaven it would manifest in poor authority and someone else would take up the mandate and over throw. Zhou (King Wu) v. Shang |
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Remnants of Wei kingdom from 3 kingdoms
Established equal field system
constantly at war
4-6 cen CE reunification |
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12th century
Shu dynasty
One of the earliest bronze age sites |
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Second of 3 dynasties
two period 16th cent to 14th
Anyang 13-11th cent bc
Largely autonomonous regions with Shang kings travelling
instituted many religious ceremonies and ideologies that were employed throughout chinese history |
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4th century
Statesmen imposed many legalist policies
Helped lay groundwork for formation of Qin during warring states period
Centralized government and unified weights and measures |
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Trade route with meditteranean established under Wu (Han)
Brought buddhism
Brought economic prosperity |
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Grand historian under emperor Wu (Han) 2nd-1st century BC
Wrote Records of the Grand Historian - history of China from Yellow emperor to time of the historians |
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6th Century Japan
Soga included Prince Shotoku and Empress Suiko |
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After fall of Han
Western Jin.
Relatively stable and safe
economically proffitable
thrived culturally
eventually reunified under northern way |
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6th cent CE
Reunification of North and South
Captial Chang'an
Grand Canal, aggressive expansion
Permanently reunified China culturally and economically |
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Second Tang Emperor
7th Cent
Came to power in bloody struggle
China experienced great political and military power
Cosmopolitan expansion |
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7th Cent to 10th cent CE
Founded by Li Yuan after fall of Sui
Called Zhou dynasty under Wu Zetian
Peak of chinese political and military power under 2nd tang emperor Tang Taizong
Employed civil examination system instead of nine ranks
meritocracy that homonogenizd china |
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Capital of Tang
Modern Xi'an
Changed name back to Chang'an to invoke memory of Han Dynasty
City was very good for defense |
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Built by Ying Zheng/Qin Shi Huangdi to protect him in the afterlife
Tomb culture followed
Qin emperors burial site |
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Unification of Various tribes Under Songsten Gampo
First seat at Yarlung then Lhasa
Maried Chinese bride then nepalsese bridge
distinct in culture
military rival of tang
Adopted buddhism through India and Tang
Melting pot of buddhism
military threat to china: made china launch counter offences |
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Koguryo, Paekche and Silla. Warrior societies
Women in seats of power
Constantly at war
-arrival of Buddhism, through China (brings with it an ideology that is fertile to increased power of rulers and ruling elite)
-arrival of literacy (written language, textual tradition via Chinese advisers)
-allowed to emerge while China dealt with internal strife |
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Wei Shu Wu (after fall of Han
Shu-han claimed to be descent from Han imperial family
Wu known for metal
- emergence of cultural decadence
- establishment of tomb culture |
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Capital of Han
Political and economic and cultural center (central location)
Strategic military value
Eastern terminus of Silk Road
Symbol of centralized government
Invoked Liu Bang's power |
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At deterioration of end of Zhou
Power struggle between 7 states
Polical thought flourished Mozi, Mencius, Zhuangzi, Laozi, Private ownership of land with the idea that they would give party to the state for military. Victory over Honor. Legalist and miliatry principle were used to unify |
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Former Han
200-0
After fall of Qin, switched from legalist to 3 article. Led with morals not strict prohibitions and punishments
Dong Zhongshu - confucianism was reinstated harmonize heaven earth and man. This allowed the rulers power to be solidified. Stopped China from falling back to warring states scenario after fall of Qin. |
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11-8 cent BC
Established by Wu after fall of Shang
Formative era
Writing of Confucian Classes
Daoism and legalism were developed
Golden age of Sage Kings
Creation of Chinese Identity |
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| 7th century CE Chinas first and only empress declared herself founder of the new Zhou, legitimized by buddhism and supported by Daoism. Expansion into Vietnam and Korea |
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Founders of Northern Wei Employed Equitable Fields System
Non-chinese
Ural-Altaic Speaking
5th cent ce |
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Foreigners who caused problems for China
Qin and Han built wall
Built outposts for Xiongnu to appease them. Xiongnu adopted many chinese governmental customs
after falll of Han Xiongnu attempted to expand into China |
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Buddhist, Chinese Pilgrim
Translated 1300 rolls of indian scripture
7th centruy |
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8th century
third emperor of the Tang Dynasty
ruler at the time of the An Lushan
considered the “Golden Age” of Tang
military conquest sparked the confrontation between the Captured and Killed the King of the Western Kingdom of Tashkent - Arab army (led by the deposed King’s son) and the Tang army at Talas River. |
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8th century
consort of Xuanzong
had much influence at Court, helping An Lushan derive most of his control of the fronteir armies. |
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