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| Formed through the cooling and solidification of magma or lava. |
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| Is the outer shell of the Earth; comprises of the crust and a portion of the upper mantel. |
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- Under the lithosphere
- Includes the upper mantel and lower mantel
-Plastic |
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- Contains the Upper-Upper Mantel
- Part of the lithosphere
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- Comprised of 3 parts (Upper-Upper, Upper, Lower)
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-Comprised of 2 parts (Outer - liquid, Inner - solid)
- Mesosphere
-Contains Fe, Ni, S |
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-Formed by plate tectnonics
-Mid-ocean ridges
-Uplifting and conversions of the sea floor
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| - The theory of a "super continent" (Pangea) |
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| The temperature at which a magnetic material becomes non-magnetic on heating. |
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Underwater volcano
(Shows evidence of having been above the surface with gradual subsidence through stages) |
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-Cylindrically-shaped upwelling of hot rock
-Decompression melting
-The surface manifestation (area of volcanism, high heat, crustal uplifting) = Hot Spot |
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Definition
Extrusive Volcanic Rock
(Formed by rapid cooling of lava) |
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(Composite Cones)
Located in a narrow zone that rims the Pacific Ocean (Ring of Fire) |
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| Fragmental material that is produced by volcanic eruption (air borne) |
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- A volcanic rock that is a solidified lava
- Created when heated, highly pressurized rock is ejected from a volcano.
- It can be formed when lava and water are mixed.
- Simultaneous actions of rapid cooling and rapid depressurization. (creates bubbles) |
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| - Intrusive, Felsic, Igneous rock |
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| The point where an earthquake or underground explosion originates. |
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| Where in the Earth a earthquake or explosion happens. |
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When the hanging wall moves up relative to the foot wall
[image] |
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| When the hanging wall moves down relative to the foot wall[image] |
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| Horizontal movement of the land[image] |
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| Forces leading to structural deformation of the Earth's crust due to tectonic plates. |
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"Plane" Wave
- First Wave detected
- Can travel through gases, solids and liquids
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Definition
Secondary Waves
- 2nd Wave detected
-Cannot travel through gas or liquids, only solids |
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Definition
| Traveling along the surface of the earth, it is the last wave to be detected. Is the most powerful wave. |
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Refers to a number of ways to assign a single number to quantify the energy contained in an earthquake.
How powerful the earthquake is.
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| A convex fold up in rock layer |
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Nappe
Is a rock form that has been moved a significant distance from it's original position. |
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| The dynamic transitions through geologic time among the three main rock types: sedimentary, metamorphic, and igneous. |
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Tectonostratigraphic Terrane
is a fragment of crustal material formed on, or broken off from, a tectontic plate |
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| The study of underwater depths |
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Definition
| Is the fast movement of super-heated gas. |
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Definition
Is a type of mudflow or debris flow composed of pyroclastic material, rocky debris, and water.
It flows down from a volcano, typically along a river valley |
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| A large emplacement of igneous intrusive rock that forms from cooled magma deep in the Earth's crust. |
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A rapidly moving current
-The current moves because it has a higher density and turbidity than the fluid through which it flows.
-The driving force of a turbidity current is obtained from the sediment, which renders the turbid water heavier than the clear water above. |
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| Commonly found near volcanically active places, areas where tectonic plates are moving apart, ocean basins, and hotspots. |
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Lithogenous (terrigenous) sediment |
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Definition
Derived from the erosion of rocks on land
Consists of sand, mud, and silt carried to sea by rivers. |
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Biogenous (Biogenic) Sediment
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A deposit resulting from the physiological activities of organisms.
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| Precipitated directly from seawater |
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| Marine Sediments; are found on the continental shelf and in shallow waters near islands. Generally coarsed grained. |
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| Marine Sediment; found in deep oceab basins and are fine grained. |
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Definition
| Part of the plankon speices |
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| Any sediment that contains 30% skeletal material |
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Deopits are found from deep sea drilling
Diatomite |
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Definition
- Biogenous sediment
- Cold Surface water
- Part of Silicon Ooze |
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Definition
- Biogenous Sediment
- Silicon Ooze
- Cold Surface Waters
- Algae |
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Definition
| Denotes the depth of the ocean below, which the rate of dissolution of calcite increases dramatically |
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Carbonate Compensation Depth
The depth in the oceans below which the rate of supply of calcite lags behind the rate of solvation, such that no calcite is preserved |
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Definition
Is the lowest part of Earth's atomosphere
Contains 99% water vapor and aerosols |
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Definition
- Is a circulation pattern that dominates the tropical atmosphere, with rising motion near the equator, descending motion in the subtropics,
- This circulation is intimately related to the trade winds, tropical rainbelts, subtropical deserts and the jet streams. |
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| Characterized by the movement of air masses, and the location of these air masses is influenced in part by the location of the jet stream |
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Cold dense air descends over the poles, which creates high pressure; this cold air moves along the surface to lower latitudes.
At around 60 degrees north and south, this air has been warmed up and rises upwards, creating a zone of low pressure. |
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| The prevailing pattern of easterly surface winds found in the tropics. |
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- Prevailing winds in the middle latitudes between 30 and 60 degrees blowing from the high pressure areas
- They blow from west to east |
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| Are fast flowing, narrow air currents found in the atmospheres |
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| Large low-pressure center and numerous thunderstorms that produce strong winds and heavy rain. |
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