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| Around 700km below the surface |
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| Dark Greay or black; the typical lava of oceanic volcanoes; low viscosity; dense |
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| getting wider by 2cm a year |
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| polymorphic phase transformations |
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Definition
400km olivine --> spinel
670km spinel --> perovstite |
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| convergent boundary volcanoes |
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| Age of hawaiian emperor seamount chain |
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Definition
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German meteorologist
idea of pangea 300m years ago
distribution or distinctive rocks, ancient mountain belts, fossil types, glacier paths, ancient deserts, and equatorial swamps;
was not beleived because of lame driving mechanisms |
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| disproved the driving mechanisms |
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discovered paleogamentism;
wasn't beleived until 1960's when mid-atlantic ridge data was published |
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| south of geographic north pole; in canada or greenland; reversed from 700,000-2,500,000 years ago |
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| age of the earth and oldest rocks |
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Definition
earth = 4.6 billion
oldest rocks = 3.8billion (in greenland) |
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Definition
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| equation and types of stress |
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Definition
force/area over which force is acting
isotropic - even all around
tectonic - caused by motion of the earth
sheer - causes movement
normal - prevents movement |
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| when last seismic activity occured in salt lake |
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| last major eq on southern part of san andreas fault |
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Definition
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| length of seismic lull in Los Angeles Urban Faults |
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Definition
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| first earthquake in which the elastic rebound theory was studied |
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| how much closer we are getting to pasadena each year due to the big bend |
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| temp at which quarts gets squishy |
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Definition
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Definition
| elastic constant X strain (hooke's law) |
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| What Snell's Law explains |
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Definition
| total internal reflection and non-linearity of seismic ray paths |
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Definition
30km below surface
the interface between the crust and the mantle |
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Term
| Continental Crust Composition and Thickness |
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Definition
quarts and feldspar
15-90km thick |
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| Oceanic Crust composition and density |
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Definition
iron and magnesium - basalt
denser than continental |
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| landers eq magnitude and significance |
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Definition
7.3 magnitude
all energy went north, away from populus |
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| Chunks of rock wall that come up with magma |
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| pieces of oceanic lithosphere that have been raised to land |
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| meteorites that have never been heated past 100 degress |
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| 1940 imperial eq magnitude and significance |
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Definition
magnitude 7.0
el centro record which was the first on scale recording of how strong the ground could shake next to the epicenter |
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Definition
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| how many degrees the dip usually is from the maximum principle stress direction |
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Definition
| 30 degrees (anderson's theory of faulting) |
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Definition
accomodates for 3.5cm or 70% North America' Compression a year
Has a creeping section around teh san luis resivior
created the april 18th 1906 san francisco and 1857 earthquakes |
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Definition
one of the biggest faults in CA
Created the San Gabriel and Santa Monica Mountans |
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| Cascadia Subduction Megathrust Zone Facts |
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Definition
1000km long
where the juan del fuca plate is subducting under the north american plate offshore of oregon and washington
created teh cascade mountain range |
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| Puente Hills Fault Facts: |
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Definition
reaches to 3km below the surface under USC
Caused the whittier narros eq in 1987 which broke 10% of the fault
starts at the san gabriel mountains at about 15km |
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| Wasatch Fault Zone Facts: |
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Definition
Normal Faulting
Stretches Across Utah
Has yellowstone national park
home of the 1959 hebgen lake eq |
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Term
| North Anatolian Fault location and type: |
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Definition
Turkey
Right-Lateral Strikeslip |
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| Inglewood/newport fault type and eq caused: |
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Definition
Right-lateral strikeslip
cause dthe longbeach eq in 1933 |
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| Cascadia eq year and facts: |
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Definition
1700
on the Cascadia subduction megathrust fault
Caused a tsunami in japan 2 meters high |
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| perpendicular to ray paths - like a snake |
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| counter-clockwise vertical movement along ray path |
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| concrete buildings started to be built better (ductile) in what year?: |
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Definition
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| Mount Everest is Made of: |
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Definition
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Term
1 inch = ? cm
1 km = ? miles |
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Definition
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| Formula for Moment Magnitude(Mw): |
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Definition
| sheer modulus (mu) X area X displacement |
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Term
| How many meters of slip are in a M5, M7, M8, and M9 Eqs? |
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Definition
M5:a few cm's
M7: a couple meters
M8: 5-10 meters
M9: 10's of meters |
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Definition
1933: brick - for fire resistance
1940: non-ductile concrete - assumed eq resistant (no eqs to test on during this time)
1971: ductile concrete - because of san fernando eq
1994: steel
non-ductile and ductile concrete buildings compse 85% of la buildings |
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Definition
| a diffusion hypothesis that proved false which stated that you could predict an earthquake by listening for cracks |
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Term
| Coulomb Failure Function Change |
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Definition
| 3d stress changes due to tectonic loading and other eqs |
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Definition
| can be built up to 70% of code through retrofit of inserting steel rebar through drilled holes on each floor and bolt the ends |
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Definition
Building codes not enforced
Sand not washed
not enough rebar
built on loose sediments |
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Definition
6000 dead
caused by soft first floors (shops, parking structures) |
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| Significance of Northridge and Loma Prieta Eqs |
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Definition
| made people realize the need to increase the confinement around teh columns |
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Term
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Definition
Mw7.5
Ms7.8
mD6.7 - used by the kandilli seismological institute in turkey |
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| 1692 Port Royal, Jamaica Eq Facts: |
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Definition
Liquifaction
on the caribbean Plte |
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Term
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Definition
shallow eqs almost always have foreshocks
is a function of increasing normal stress acting on a fault
most normal fault eqs have foreshocks
10% sideslip faults have foreshocks
reverse faults almost never have foreshocks |
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Definition
omori's law: the number of aftershocks a day varies inversely with the time since the mainshock
almost all M>6 eqs have aftershocks |
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Term
| Dead sea fault location and fault type |
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Definition
3km behind jericho
left lateral strike slip |
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Term
| 1933 Long beach eq magnitude and significance |
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Definition
mw6.4
ruptured 15km
lead to the very first building codes for eqs |
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Term
| 1985 Michocan eq magnitude and significance: |
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Definition
mw8.5
showed how the meixco city basin had disasterous effects |
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Term
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Definition
Richter Magnitude (Ml): exponential, measure of amplitude of ground motion;
Surface Wave Magnitude (Ms): used to measure large eqs, measure of amplitude of ground motion, exponential;
Seismic Moment Magnitude (MW): measures energy release, 32X increase each unit increase, 2X increase for every .2 unit increase;
Japanese Magnitude scale (Mj): used in 1995 Kobe by media to overhype;
Duration Magnitude (MD): based on how long the ground shakes; |
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Term
| 1857 For Tejon Magnitude and Significance |
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Definition
MW7.9
last big eq in parkfield |
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| 1960 Chile Magnitude and Significance |
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Definition
mw9.5
biggest recorded eq in modern time |
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| 2004 Sumatra magnitude and significance |
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Definition
mw9.3
second biggest we have measured
created a tsunami |
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Term
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Definition
mw3: 100m
mw5: 1km
mw6: 100km |
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| 1872 Owens Valley Eq magnitude and significance |
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Definition
m7.6
third largest eq recorded in CA |
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| January 23rd 1556 eq significance |
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Definition
most catastrophic eq recorded from chinese catalogue dating back to 78bc
killed 830,000 |
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| 1857 Fort Tejon significance |
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Definition
| one of the first indications of a rupture on the San Andreas Fault |
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Term
| intermediate focus eqs depths |
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Definition
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| deep focus focus eqs depth |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
crust: 60km
mantle: 1000km
dense
core: softer but not liquid |
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| List of most widely damaging eqs: |
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Definition
2002 Denali
1999 Kocaeli
1995 Chi-Chi
1976 Tangshan, China
1906 San Francisco
1891 Mino-Owari, Japan |
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| December 8th 1912 San Juan Capistrano Magnitude and Significance |
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Definition
M7.5
Killed 40 people in a church
was thought to be on the ingelwood fault but was later found to be on the San Andreas because of a bunch of pine trees that died on the fault at that same year |
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Term
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Definition
created in 1933 as the first magnitude scale
had physical limits on haw big and small the earthquake could be due to instrument limitations
frequently called "local magnitude" because it is fairly accurate at measuring local eqs
it cannot effectively measure large eqs |
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| San Francisco Eq 1868 Magnitude and Significance |
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Definition
M7.0
first large recorded eq in sf |
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Term
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Definition
1: locate surface rupture
2: locate area of maximum damage
3: arrival times of seismic waves
4: aftershock locations |
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Definition
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Definition
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| Eastern Caliofirna Sheer Zone Facts: |
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Definition
near jashua tree
has half a dozen faults
20% of north american's engery (1cm/yr) is released |
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Term
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Definition
displacement: micrometers to meters
velocity: up to several meters/second
acceleration: up to more than one g |
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