Term
| Development...what is it? |
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Definition
A concept with a history, a philosiphy, and theoretical underpinnings
+
a set of activities aimed at acheiveing better lives for people |
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Term
| When did the concept take off? |
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Definition
Post WWII period:
-the need to recover from war- new int'l instituions were forming
1949: Truman's "Fair Deal": "We have an obligation to share new industrial & scientific acheivements with less priveleged regions" |
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Term
| Prevailing theories of development? (3) |
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Definition
- Modernization theory
- Systems theory
- Development theory
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Term
| Theories of development- Modernization- what is it? |
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Definition
all societies move in the same trajectory thru 5 stages toward "high mass consumption", influenced by liberal ecenomics. all paths lead to a smiliar end stage which resembles the west.
"West is the Best"
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Term
| Theories of development- systems theory- what is it? |
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Definition
development isn't as simple as the modernization theory which says that all societies move in the same direction twoards high mass consumption and west is the best-
but that traditional social and political intitutions will need to be abandoned, assistance and expertise from outside- the West- and forgein inve$ment is necessary and good. |
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Term
| Theories of development- development theory- what is it? |
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Definition
influenced by marxism. "core" and periphery"
looking at relationships bw countries- divides the world into the core and periphery. rejects 1-size-fits-all and that there is one single path to development. the relationship between countries must become more equal; assumption that blame must lay with core countries (US, CA, UK, japan, AUS, norway, finland, sweden, greenland/denmark, israel) |
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Term
| development theories: chronological evolution of development |
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Definition
has been roughly the order of modernization to systems to development. as in, starts with narrow idea of 1-size-fits-all and evolves in to the broader and more inclusive idea that there are multiple paths. West isn't the only model
today, no one theory dominates- it is a multi disiplinary, international, holistic world. |
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Term
| Origins of the concept of development |
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Definition
Liberal economics- adam smith, minimal state intervention
ecenomic nationalism- mercantilism- sees state intervention as a plus
historical materialism- marx and engels. idea that capitalist relations of production can be exploitative
marxism-lenninism
social democracy |
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Term
| Annual Human Development Report |
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Definition
| 1990- written by the UN- takes lead on reaching millenium development goals (which include eliminating hunger, universal primary ed, lowering child mortality, increasing maternal health, elmination HIV/AIDS.) |
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Term
| Why is the annual human development report a departure from previous ways of measuring development? |
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Definition
because it introduces the human development index which has indicators focusing on NOT just ecenomic variable but ALSO
sustainability, equity, empowerment
analysis of how men and women act differently.
this is mamish important to the development project because it's new and it's not just abut $. now quality of life, human rights, gender, health...those things now matter as indicators of human development. |
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Term
| What is development? one starting point is ecenomic growth as a means to acheive development..ie producing more- meaning (and the BUT) |
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Definition
producing more means more ecenomic growth, increase in: capital stock, labor input, labor productivity... as an increase in all this, a high savings rate enabled a country to invest more in all inputs to grow faster.
savings --> invesment --> growth in GDP
BUT! ecenomic growth increases the potential to reduce poverty but it doesn't tell you about the allocation from the amount of wealth. in a country the increase in the amount of wealth can have drawbacks ie Japan's technology smog.
ecenomic + non-ecenomic factors (general well being, life expectancy, education, income) are what = human development. |
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Term
| poverty and human development- the bottom billion...why should they be a concern of the rest of the world? |
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Definition
| because a) interdependence of nations relies on resources, maintaining a peaceful int'l community and b) breeding grounds of war and c) [moral reasons] |
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Term
| some nations in poverty 40 years ago now rank highly ie Brazil, S Korea. others still seem trapped in poverty. what's the distinction? Absolute poverty vs. relative poverty |
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Definition
Absolute poverty: lacking basic human needs- 1.7 billion today. extreme live on less than $1.25/day, moderate on less than $2/day.
relative poverty: lacking usual, socially acceptable levels of resources. |
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Term
| WHY are some countries poorer than others? 3 main explanations |
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Definition
1) nature geography: climate, agriculture, diseases. BUT: N/S korea share geography but N is less developed than the South (N has more natural resources, S is more industrial)
2)culture- some are "better", more hard-working cultures. BUT: the limitations lie in that N and S korea had a common culture yet they still split. the religion/culture explanation oversimplifies, ignoring structural issues. one culture isn't better
3) insitutions: good eceomic institutions (eg secure property rights). good political inst (balance of power, rule of law)
political inst --> investment--> productivity
BUT: it doesnt explain why institutions developed and how they did. they dont determine al aspects of society. |
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Term
| What are the institutions of development? (circle of 5) |
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Definition
| NGOs-Regional banks-UN agencies- government agencies- world bank-NGOs |
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Term
Instituions of development: World Bank: int'l bank for reconstruction & development
International Development Association. |
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Definition
Too formulaic?
Pushes a neo-liberal agenda?
Washington concensus- over-emphasized growth.
represents 186 countries... yet it's run by a small # of POWERFUL nations.
-UN's Development Program/Network- writes annual human development reports- takes lead on reaching millenium development goals |
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Term
| Instituions of development: gov't agencies: USAID |
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Definition
USAID furthers US interests/focuses on bilateral aid. country development programs.
criticisms: "Aid" comes back to the US thru contracts.
-biased selection of implementing partners EX Iraq. disproportionate aid to countries that are US's political/military partner. |
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Term
| Inst of development: regional banks |
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Definition
regional banks- multi-lateral banks-
ie african development baks
asian development banks
Eu bank for reconstruction and development
inter american development bank group |
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Term
| What are principles/strategies of development? six |
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Definition
Poverty reduction
trade-not-aid
good governance
sustainability
microfinance/microcredit
gender equality |
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Term
| 1/6 strategies/principles of development: poverty reduction |
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Definition
high priority for many big donors: ie UNDP, world bank, EU development bank
Focus is to lift countries out of potential traps: TRAPS are: low productivity, poor infrastructure, and weak public health and education systems |
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Term
| 1/6 strategies of development: trade-not-aid |
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Definition
what's needed is better, more equitable trade, not AID.
But- wealthy countries have tarrifs on goods that developing countries export.
uraguay set up WTO- now Doha Rounds- the trade negtiations of the WTO- objective is to lower trade barriers worldwide, to help facilitate the increase in global trade. |
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Term
| 1/6 strategies of development: good governance: |
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Definition
give to countries that are working on governance & strengthening institutions.
meaning: concensus orinteted, participator, fololows the rules of law, effective & efficient. accountable, transparent, responsible, equitable & inclusive |
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Term
| 1/6 strategies of development: sustainability |
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Definition
meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs
key factors to consider: does it harm the environment? does it depend of natural resources? |
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Term
| 1/6 strategies of development: micro finance/microcredit |
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Definition
pluses: benefits people inelligible for "traditional loans"
fosters creativity and innovations
but the minuses are: it's challenging to track and understand outcomes
it's hard to make small businesses sustainable. |
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Term
| 1/6 strategies to development: gender equality |
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Definition
| in countries where women don't have equal accesss to employment- or capital- problems are prevalent. strong correlation b/w gender inequality and underdevelopment |
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Term
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Definition
So a tarrif is imposed on exports/imports in and out of a country. when the US imposed that on a product from another country, that product is less competitive w/ the corresponding US product.
--> prices become artificial & there are distortions and imbalances.
WTO plus side: it's a forum where govts can negotiate trade agreements
makes trading rules for members
provides a place to settle trade disputes
minus side: allegations that it favours multilateral coporotations
allegations that it favours already developed nations |
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Term
| Doha Rounds- why is its failure significant? |
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Definition
| because... reforms in the draft texts could have partially leveled the playing field. what's at stake? the viability of the int'l multi-lateral trading system. ..with the multi lateral deals on hold, countries are likely to...keep protective measures in place and/or secure bilateral agreements that countinue to distort trade |
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Term
| Doha Rounds- what is the response to the criticism? |
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Definition
| the trade talk's goal is to reduce trade barriers to create a more level playing field. mechanism thru the WTO. all agree that there could be economic pluses to an agreement, but they disagree on the specifics. |
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Term
| The development business: the washington consensus |
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Definition
lending institutions in DC placed conditions on loans: countries were required to: lower their barriers to trade, de-regulate markets, accept forgein invesments, privatize public industries
what followed? a financial crisis- affected asia, russia, former soviet republics....we see a common pattern. when a country focuses on growth and BORROWS from the international community..
the ~amount~ of DEBT in relation to GNProduct rises
Social spending decreases and social inequalities increase |
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Term
| main drawbacks of the approach promoted by washington-based institutions- Washington Consensus |
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Definition
1) NOT enough attention to state ~building~ agenda
2) NOT enough attention to income distribution
3) Didn't take differences into account |
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Term
| So...when an economy is stressed...women and men are NOT equal. Why? |
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Definition
B/C women end up in informal employment
girls are taken out of school to help provide for families |
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Term
Gender dimensions of development:gender equality and empowerment of women is #3 in millenium development goals
WHY promote gender equality? |
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Definition
1) Human rights reasons
2) practical reasons- leveling the playing field helps everyone |
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Term
| Be able to describe some of the realities that make gender equity in development a human rights issue. |
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Definition
1) Human rights reasons b/c a) health disparities ie excess female mortality adds up to FOUR MILLION..2/5 of girls are never born due to SEX selection etc etc
2)education: school enrollments are *much* lower for girls in sub-saharan africa, asia
3) women have unequal access to economic opportunities. when they farm, they have smaller plots. when they're entrepreneurs, they have smaller firms. unpaid work!
4) differences in voice in society/households. less say in decisions, less control of resources within a household. |
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Term
| Does gender =equality= make good economic sense? YES! |
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Definition
For an economy to function at full potential, skills and talents of both sexes need to be maximally engaged.
equality can increase a country's ability to compete internaitonally.
research shows women's opps shape the next generation
empowering women leads to more ie better representative policy choices
WOMEN ARE ECONOMICAL! |
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Term
| What's the "double burden"? |
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Definition
Globally, women work typically more hours than men
-->domestic and outside work
Why is the double burden significant to development? when indicators are used to measure development, the double burden ISN'T figured in. |
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Term
| What are some forces that shape men's and women's productive roles? |
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Definition
women's childbearing responsibilities
social norms, esp kinship relations
stereotypes. religion. government regulations....AND
the development project is one of these forces. productuve roles are shapes by DEVELOPMENT AID! |
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Term
| productive roles vary by what factors? |
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Definition
culture, govt, relgiion, etc
thru flows of $, tech, information, development, projects have profoundly altered productive roles--> with these changes, the M/F balance is altered. |
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Term
| examples of how development has impacted Men and Women differently? |
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Definition
Columbia. advice: cut down fruit trees so you can mono-crop grain for sale
result: men moved into farming roles, women lost picking fruit roles. ultimate effect? status of women deteriorated, families are more vulnerable when mono-crops failed.
Kenya: development projects reinforced men's role in agriculture; women's role in contracted elsewhere
-development training for women focused on home economics; handicrafts; women lost status, power. |
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Term
| summary of development programs: women are the primary group that SUFFERS |
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Definition
they're initially focused on economic growth. was assumed that political changes will follow "automatically"
the reality is, economic growth --> may lead to income inequalities and other disparities |
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Term
| the three phases of addressing gender in development |
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Definition
1) women in development WID mid 1970s
2) gender and development GAD late 1980s
3) Gender mainstreaming TODAY! |
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Term
| the three phases of addressing gender in development -strengths and weaknesses of Gender and Development (GAD) late 1980s |
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Definition
abandons apprach of treating women as a "special" topic
+strengths+ attention to double burden, emphasis on cultural, decision making factors
-weaknesses-:( still assumed western, mid class was the model; ignored desired trade-offs |
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Term
| the three phases of addressing gender in development -strengths and weaknesses of Women in Development- mid 1970s |
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Definition
the UN development program established a speical division for Women in Development
+strengths+ recognized that women had been left out of many projects, tried to add women in-->had a special budget just to do this
-weaknesses- assumed western middle class roles were norm and idea. women not included in actually designing the projects |
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Term
| the three phases of addressing gender in development -strengths and weaknesses of Gender Mainstreaming- today! |
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Definition
+strengths+all UN agencies MUST now incorporate gender in their analyses & programs. must assess implications for men AND women for ANY policy
-weaknesses- but...there's little training or funding for these efforts. --> it's easier said than done :( |
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Term
| back to... Human development = ecenomic factors + other factors |
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Definition
ecenomic factors are growth of GDP, accumulation of wealth
PLUS +++
other factors ie health, education, gender equity
How do we measure human development? the Health Development Index |
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Term
| How does the measuring of the HDI Health Development Index work? 3 dimensions, 4 indicators. |
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Definition
Dimensions: HEalth: measured by life expectancy at birth
Education: measured by YEARS of schooling- mean years and expected years
Living standards: measured by gross income per capita |
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Term
| details about the HDI Health Development Index. Countries are ranked, placed in 4 categories |
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Definition
4 categories of v high, high, middle, low
--> gender inequality index- developed recently- 2010- still experimental-reflects learning from earlier indexes- tries to expose gender inequalities |
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Term
| How do we measure the ways in which Gender Inequality can impact Human Development? |
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Definition
Gender Inequality Index.
no country boasts perfect gender equality.
measured by reproductive health, empowerment, labor market participation
reproductive health: women's health during pregnancy is a sign of womens status in society. +measure maternal mortality ratio
early child bearing is linked to risks for moms and infants + measure adolescent mortality rate
2) empowerment. in general, a process whereby anyone who has been marginalized gains access to a voice and opportunities. for the Gender Inequality Index: + share of parlimentary seats + higher education attainment levels
3) labor market participation. -mens and womens participation in the workforce. weakness...shortcoming of that this doesn't measure unpaid domestic or care giving work |
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Term
| India and the Gender Inequality Index- what were some barriers preventing India from benefiting from the contributions of women? |
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Definition
India's the 4-th largest economy but 25% are still below the poverty line. women lag in ed, employment
barriers to women working: social norms, time, capital & finances, business networks, skills & training, access to markets
Tried to solve these obstacles by giving women the Hand-in-Hand project. using cellphones partnwered with a microcredit inst to launch and support a small biz based on info and comm tech. |
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Term
| The Gender Inequality Index's overall strengths |
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Definition
finally a mechanism for measuring gender inequality
despite its imperfections, it's a step forward! |
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Term
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Definition
| the learned system of meanings thru which people can organize themselves in the world so they can act on it. plus- groups of humans generate and elaborate diff systems of meanings and to the same extent that these systems are shared, they define groups and communities. |
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Term
| 3 stereotypes of back womanhood that they transcend |
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Definition
1) Mammy- fat/ugly/eager to serve whites/not thinking about sex at all/domestic laborers
2) hyper-sexuality (jezebel)- sexually immoral/insatiable sexual appetite/seductive/over-sexed
3) Emasculating Anger (Sapphire)- sassy/stubborn/haters/gold diggers/overly demanding/argumentative |
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Term
| What is identity according to Williams? |
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Definition
Part of how we make meaning of ourselves, or how we identify ourselves, is our differences w/ "the other". We know it's a sweater, partly because we know that it's NOT a t-shirt.
William and Dryer on Whiteness- it's been seen as neutral, an absence of color. NOT true. whiteness should be perceived as a race, a color, shouldnt be in opposition to ALL other races |
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Term
| What can Sarah Baartman's story teach us about the ways that race and gender intersect or reinforce each other in creating conditions of oppression and a violation of rights? |
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Definition
a) She was brought from S Africa to Eu to be put on display in a freak show bc of her big boobs and butt- natural as a Khoikhoi
b) people would view her as a racially inferior specimen, an object of science
c) as a woman, her body was on display and body party specifically characterized as female ie her genitalia.
d) "the western gaze" --> she's exotic, inferior, an animal bc she's black. so unlike any Eu women, she can be looked as like a freak on display. |
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Term
| Magazine covers- Judging by magazine covers, how would you compare and contrast the way race is visualized in France, South Africa, and the US? |
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Definition
In France- one of two- either sexualized, barely black. greedy immigrant, alien to france, nuisance and more suitable for domestic labor, poor, abused african refugee, other more exotic, barbaric, ovsersexed.
in s africa- primitive, rural, naturist, uneducated, superstitious, overly religious, barbaric, uncivilized. many of the same things.
BUT in the US there are less sterotypes perpetuated by magazines...more real. "sexy at any age" but not oversexed. "it woman" but still is true to an actual black woman- michelle obama. not perfect but these magazines are a model for other countries. |
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Term
| WHAT, according to Harris-Perry, are the implications of popular representation? |
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Definition
--> an individual as part of a despised group loses public recognition, that as humans we strive for
--> if this group is misunderstood, that "seeing" is inaccurate--> and painful to the psyche and the citizen self. |
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Term
| What is a nation? (module 2 throwback) |
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Definition
a community of people with common history, language, ethnicity, territory.
but not all nations have a state- palestinians, kurds. stateless nations have territory they claim as their own but isnt official recognized.
nationalism- relies on symbols; a political ideology; builds on collective identity; builds on emotions |
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Term
| arab american and identity- has a difficulty participating in politics- what were their responses? |
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Definition
some disassociated from arab identity. changed names, claimed Mediterranean identity
US politicians were criticized for accepting their donations |
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Term
| Stiffler: what do we mean by "arab world"? |
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Definition
22 countries
2 continents
285 mil
Not the MidEast-> Israel, Iran doesn't have Arabs. May have immigrated yesterday or their ancestors in the late 1800s. students, professionals, refugees, etc.
historically theyre anything but 'arab' on a census. today theyre white. self identify as white black asian etc |
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Term
| How can arab americans self identify? |
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Definition
BY: nationality (lebansese syrian etc)
village (ramallah, bint jbeile etc)
relgiious sect (maronite, orthodox, shi'a etc)
ancient civilization that inhabited arab world (phonecian, assyrian etc)
or- as Arab OR Arab American |
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Term
| Can Ab Ams be described as transnational? Extending across national boundaries |
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Definition
Yes.
Kinship, homeland ties to countries of origin, visits to homeland, sending $ from US to back home
they mantain connections to arabic language and culture thru media, satelite TV
food, restaurants, grocery stores w arab food
relgious communties may connect ab ams to their home countries or ansestor's home countries |
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Term
| Ab Ams in movies- as exotic others or dangerous others |
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Definition
Exotic others- aladin,son of the sheik. even if u dont identify as arab but you are, youll take offense to this portayal because you look like that-big nose dark skin
dangerous others- sleeper cell-american terror, not w/o my daughter, bakc to the future.
bent on killing everyone, hating women
when you see these representations, you think, im not like that, my family isnt like that. |
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Term
| given their diversity, are there any common arab american issues? yeah fosh |
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Definition
Civil rights in the US esp following 9-11
Palestine
shared culturural traditions of music food language
institutions- ab am natl Museum
academic depts
arab am anti-discrimination committee |
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Term
| given their diversity, are there any common arab american issues? yeah fosh |
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Definition
Civil rights in the US esp following 9-11
Palestine
shared culturural traditions of music food language
institutions- ab am natl Museum
academic depts
arab am anti-discrimination committee |
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Term
| Summing it up (Nationality) |
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Definition
Nationaliy can be a powerful form of identity with the rise of the state system
international migration and communications technology that comes with globalization (and the weaknesses of states) have led us to question the basis of this kind of identity
nation states remain the primary source of rights, resources, and security in the world today |
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Term
| as a way of taking away the Crimean Tatar's national claims, and futher securing access to strategic territory, the Soviets tried to erase them. How did they attempt to do that? |
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Definition
Changed city names to soviet names; burned or gave away homes; mosques became movie theatres or destroyed; gravestones used as building materials; books in crimean language were burned
TATAR was invalidated as a legal identity- you couldnt use it on passports and they took it out of the encyclopedia. |
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Term
| how did the Crimean tatars try to reestablish themselves? 2 modular strategies. |
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Definition
1. Demonstration- when in exile in the 1950s they wrote letters, held demonstrations despite being thrown in mail, beaten, ignored.
2. Repatriation- when the soviet union fell apart, activists had a mass return which authorities STILL oppose |
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Term
| National and global identities- Thich Quang Duc, Ian Palach, Masa Mamut...what do they have in common? |
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Definition
| Self-immolation- they all set themsleves on fire in protest - "what i have done will not pass without effect- they used the power of national identity to activate emotion, collective identity to cause change |
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Term
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Definition
Relies on symbols
activates emotion
collective identity
political ideology |
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Term
| how can we describe national logic? |
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Definition
so humanitys devided into nations
loyalty to nations overrides other loyalties
the source of polticial power lays within the collectivity of the nation-- why self-immolation is so powerful
a nation...is a community of people w common history, ethnicity, language, territory. but some are stateless |
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Term
3 models used to understand NATIONAL MOVEMENTS
sleeping beauty (basic is liberated by the kiss of freedom)
bride of frankie (nations and traditions are invented)
constructivist (social aspect of groups) |
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Definition
א. Sleeping beauty: Basic national consciousness is liberated by the "kiss" of freedom.
seen in popular media, emphasizes instinctive behavior
ב. Bride of Frankenstein- nations are constructed and traditions are invented by intellectuals and activist. emphasizes socioeconomic factors
ג. Constructivist model * emphasizes social aspect of groups and subjective factors |
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Term
| What are alternatives to National Identity and Allegiance? three of em |
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Definition
Transnationalism- people build identities and social lives that transcend national boundaries
Bifocality- many people have strong allegiances to more than one place ie mexican migration. send $ back home, they host dances to raise funds to send back home
Cosmopolitanism- the expansion of our sense of belonging or SIMILARITY from family, religion, ethnicity, or nationality to global humanity
cosmos origins in greek phil. diogenes- i am a citizen of the world. so we have 2 comms- local and the human comm
basic idea being- our moral obligations stem from our participation in humanity. rejects the basic idea of nationalism that humans owe more to a fellow member of the nation than they do to themselves. |
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Term
| Dower's definition of a "Global Citizen"? |
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Definition
Individuals who see themselves as members of a global community & confront challenges from a global perspective: ie respect & value diversity, understand how the world works etc blah blah
--> but a world state might be remote, bureaucratic, oppressive, culturally bland |
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Term
| Dower's global citizen- criticisms of it? |
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Definition
Racist because it disengages people from their own culture
-the # of people wanting/needing to migrate ≠ the # of green cards available- there's a lack of correspondence
-lacks institutional support
refugees, statelessness still prevails
AND: may not reflect everyone's interest- relativism
IN response: it's a mindset, not an official status. meant as an anti-dote to extreme forms of ethnic nationalism; a valuable addition, considering our interdependence has increased. |
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Term
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Definition
attachment to natl identities is subjective
we cant always change our nationality
national identity isn't just about pride, but RIGHTS & RESOURCES |
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Term
| module 4: what is an earth system? |
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Definition
| Not defined by human borders or human behavior/institutions. but rather defined by geography, bio, laws of science. ex: climate, natl recycling of fresh water, the ozone layer |
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Term
| What is the Green National Economy? |
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Definition
Conventional natl income accounting adds up Production of all economic factors in a single country over a period of time; chinas GDP in 2011 was USD 7.3 Tril
--> VS Green Natl Economy is PLUS all expidentures on education MINUS depletion of nat'l resources & eviron damage.
WHy is Green preferred? Because it takes $ spent on ed into account; environ damage; depletion of natural resources within a country. brings sustainability into consideration. |
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Term
| Most important innovations of the 20th century? |
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Definition
Electrification, transportation of all kinds, household appliances, telephone, AC, health technologies, petrol, nuke technologies
21st will be: secure cyberspace, making solar energy economical |
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Term
Responses to climate change: mitigation vs adaptation
motivations/challenges and the differences |
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Definition
mitigation- measures taken to reduce the negative effects of CC. to slow it down, prevent the process. action usually taken at a global level for the global good
favoured by: developing nations, countries with less tech advanced
adaptation: attempting to deal with the consequences that have already occurred, action taken at national level for a nations own good, favored by individual nations that are more developed and tech advanced. thinks- how can we make strong rather than the most favorable decisions. |
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Term
| How do we know about CO2 concentrations of 10 thousand years ago? |
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Definition
| Because increased co2 levels 10 thous years ago caused the end of the last ice age. a graph based on the comparison of atmospheric samples contained in ice cores and more recent direct measurements, provide evidence than co2 has increased since the industrial revolution |
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Term
Impacts of Climate Change that are ALREADY happening
effects all sectors and regions |
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Definition
1) Health: weather related deaths- heat stress, air quality effects
infectious diseases
2) Agriculture: crop yields (shifting crops- blueberries from maine to quebec) & commodity prices. pests and weed. irrigation demands. lilacs open 2 weeks earlier
3) Forests: change in composition
shift in geographic range
forest health and productivity
4) Water Resources- changes in water supply and timing. water quality. increased competition for water
5)coastal areas- erosion of beaches. inundation of coastal wetlands. $ co$st$ to defend coastal comm's
6) ecosystems: shifts in ecological sones. loss of habitat and species. coral reef threatened
7) society: indigenous peoples and developing nations
Way worse impacts on the poor
dramatic difference for future generations |
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Term
| Do scientists agree about Climate Change? |
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Definition
| They agree that climate change exists and that its due to ANTHROPOGENIC human influence; they disagree about potential solutions and future effects of CC |
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Term
| What is the dangerous level of CC? |
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Definition
A rise in 2 degrees C above pre-industrial attempts. the US has pledged to work towards preventing it.
we are headed well past it if we continue the same; unless we ACT NOW. |
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Term
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Definition
human intervention
CFC's from fridges |
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Term
| The greenhouse effect. what is it and what are its primary sources? |
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Definition
The natural greenhouse effect increases surface temps by about 30 degrees C. increased by human intervention.
infrared radiation passed thru the atmosphere but most is taken in and reemitted by GG molecules and clouds. so the earths surface is warmed and the lower atmosphere.
primary sources are water vapour and carbon gases |
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Term
| What are KEY indicators of a changing CLIMATE SYSTEM??! |
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Definition
INCREASE IN: humidity, sea level, ocea acidity, surface temp, air temp near surface, ocean heat concent,
decrease in:: glaciers, snow cover, land surface reflectivity, sea ice
greenland ice sheet is melting--> SEVEN meters of sea level rise. |
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Term
| WHo suffers the most from Climate Change? THE POOR |
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Definition
The poor and developing countries. they rely on agriculture and esp in the tropics its damaged a lot. farming/crops. increased water stress and rise of sea level rise- flooding etc
no rain-no crops-malnutrition esp in kids
climate sensitive areas. resources- what these economies RELY on.
unfair: developing countries responsible for 35% of GHG's but low income countries are responsible for only 2% but the poor bear 70-80% of those costs of the damages :( |
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Term
| What are some ways to act differently to reduce CC? |
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Definition
1) transform energy systems- using less to produce the same in homes etc
2) increase the pace of innovation- many technoligies like wind, geothermal, are already feasible. |
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Term
| PICTURES of 1970s Tokyo- what can we learn |
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Definition
shit ton of smog over a technology filled city.
Seen as a sign of progress, ecenomic growth, but eventually attitudes changed and public opinion impacted politics --> industry became regulated and pace of industrialization and pollution SLOWED~~~ |
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Term
| What is the mOnTrEaL protocol?? |
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Definition
| ozone hole discovered after a consensus within the sci community to start protecting the ozone. in 1989 ratified by 196 States and EU to reduce and eventually eliminate production of ozone- depleting substances |
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