Term
| Energy Pathways and Principles: |
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Definition
Shortwave energy from the
Sun enters Earth’s atmosphere
– Longwave energy is radiated from
Earth |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
Passage of shortwave and longwave energy
through atmosphere or water |
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Definition
the equator,
lower at poles |
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Term
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Definition
– Energy that bounces off surface and is returned
– Earth and its atmosphere reflects an average of 31%
of all insolation |
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Term
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Definition
– Reflective quality of a surface
– Percentage of insolation that is reflected
– Darker colors have lower albedos (less reflective)
– Lighter colors have higher albedos (more reflective) |
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Term
| Cloud-albedo forcing occurs when |
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Definition
clouds cause
an increase in albedo: |
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Term
Cloud-albedo forcing occurs when clouds cause
an increase in albedo: |
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Definition
– Incoming shortwave radiation from Sun is reflected
back towards space by clouds
– Industrial aerosols can also reflect insolation |
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Term
| Cloud-greenhouse forcing occurs when |
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Definition
clouds
act to increase greenhouse warming: |
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Term
Cloud-greenhouse forcing occurs when clouds
act to increase greenhouse warming: |
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Definition
| Traps longwave radiation emitted from Earth |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
But greater surface cooling
since |
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Definition
not as much solar
radiation reaches Earth |
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Term
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Definition
the assimilation of radiation
and its conversion from one form to
anothe |
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Term
| Insolation that is not reflected is |
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Definition
absorbed
and converted into longwave radiation |
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Term
| Temperature of absorbing surface |
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Definition
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Term
| Absorption also occurs in |
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Definition
atmospheric gases,
dust, clouds and stratospheric ozone |
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Term
| Some insolation also absorbed by |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| – Molecule-to-molecule transfer |
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Term
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Definition
| – Energy transferred by movement |
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Definition
| – Horizontally dominant movement |
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Term
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Definition
| – Energy traveling through air or space |
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Term
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Definition
| Radiation,Advection,Convection,Conduction |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Definition
greenhouse in
that it delays the transfer of heat from
Earth into space |
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Term
| Outgoing shortwave flux is |
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Definition
lower over equatorial waters
where more shortwave
radiation is absorbed |
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Term
Water and continents near
equator return |
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Definition
higher flux of
longwave energy to space |
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Term
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Definition
– Heat that we can feel
– Determined by heat capacity (cal/gm/ oC)
of a substance |
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Term
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Definition
– Heat that is absorbed or released due to
phase changes
– Ice to water (80 cal/gm absorbed)
– Water to vapor (540 cal/gm absorbed) |
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Term
| When you heat a substance, |
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Definition
it stores
heat by getting hotter |
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Term
Different substances have different
heat capacities |
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Definition
Some substances can store more heat
than others |
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Term
| Substance and heat capacity (cal/gm/oC) |
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Definition
– Water 1.0
– Wet mud 0.60
– Ice 0.50
– Sandy clay 0.33
– Dry air 0.24
– Quartz sand 0.19
– Granite 0.19 |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Example:
– Water has a heat capacity of 1.0
cal/gm/oC
– Land has a heat capacity of 0.2 cal/gm/
oC
– Question? If I put one calorie (cal) of
heat into 1 gram (gm) of water or land,
how does the temperature of each
change? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
the balance between incoming and
outgoing radiation |
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Term
There is a ______ imbalance in net
radiation: |
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Definition
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Term
There is a latitudinal energy imbalance in net
radiation: |
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Definition
– Positive values at low latitudes (energy surplus)
– Negative values poleward of 36o north and south
latitudes (energy deficits) |
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Term
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Definition
low latitudes is transported
poleward via air and ocean currents |
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Term
Net radiation at Earth’s surface is a
balance between |
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Definition
incoming and outgoing
radiation: |
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Term
Net radiation at Earth’s surface is a
balance between incoming and outgoing
radiation: |
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Definition
– Surface receives visible shortwave (+SW)
and longwave (+LW) radiation
– Surface also reflects visible (-SW) and
radiates longwave (-LW) radiation |
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Term
After heating of a non-vegetated surface (land
and water), NET R at the surface gradually |
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Definition
| decreases via three pathways of heat removal: |
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Term
After heating of a non-vegetated surface (land
and water), NET R at the surface gradually
decreases via three pathways of heat removal |
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Definition
Sensible heat within bedrock and soil is
transferred to the ground surface by conduction
– Atmospheric convection removes sensible heat
from the surface via rising air masses to higher
altitudes
– Latent heat of evaporation absorbs heat energy at
the surface during phase change from liquid to
vapor |
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Term
| Global Sensible Heat at Surface Level |
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Definition
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Term
| Global Latent Heat of Evaporation |
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Definition
Greater
over water
& wetter
land areas |
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Term
| Variations in the expenditure of NET R |
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Definition
among sensible heat, latent heat, and
ground heating and cooling produces the
variety of environments in nature: |
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Term
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Definition
| High sensible, low latent heat |
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Term
| Moist, vegetated environments |
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Definition
High latent,
low sensible heat |
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Term
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Definition
Urban areas have on average both maximum
and minimum temperatures higher than
nearby rural settings |
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Term
| Why urban areas are warmer |
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Definition
Surfaces typically metal, glass, asphalt, etc.
– Irregular geometric shapes cause incoming
insolation to be caught in maze-like reflection and
radiation ‘canyons’
– Human activity such as electricity production,
burning of fossil fuels, and heating during winter
– Sealed so that water does not reach soil; more
runoff, less long-term moisture and fewer vegetation
– Urban air pollution absorbs more infrared radiation |
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Term
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Definition
– Melting point of ice 32o F
– 180 divisions to the boiling point
water at 212o F |
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Term
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Definition
– Melting point of ice 0o C
– Boiling temperature water at sea
level 100o C |
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Term
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Definition
Proportional to actual kinetic
energy in material
– Starts at absolute zero
temperature
– Melting point for ice 273 K
– Boiling point of water 373 K |
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Term
| Mercury thermometer or alcohol thermometer |
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Definition
– Fluid stored in sealed glass tube
– Fluid expands when heated, contracts when cooled
– Calibrations measure amount of expansion or
contraction |
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Term
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Definition
– Measures temperature by sensing electrical resistance
of a semiconducting material
– Resistance changes 4% per oC
– Temperatures reported electronically to a weather
station |
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Term
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Definition
– Affects insolation (more diffuse at higher
latitudes) |
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Term
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Definition
– High altitude has greater daily range
– High altitude has lower annual average |
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Term
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Definition
– High albedo
– Moderate temperatures – cooler days,
warmer nights |
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Definition
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Term
An estimated ____ of all evaporation on
Earth is from the _____ |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
heat energy is
absorbed as latent heat |
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Term
| This evaporative heat loss causes |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
temperatures at
marine locations |
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Term
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Definition
Solid ground is opaque
Water is transparent: |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Definition
Water has a higher specific heat
Land has a lower specific heat |
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Term
| Water has a higher specific heat |
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Definition
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Term
| Land has a lower specific heat |
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Definition
| Holds less heat than water |
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Term
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Definition
Land is rigid and solid, whereas water is
fluid and capable of movement
– Oceans thus are able to mix cooler and
warmer regions effectively |
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Term
| Oceans moderate atmospheric |
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Definition
temperatures
through negative feedback: |
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Term
| Higher ocean temperatures produce greater |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| water vapor in overlying air mass |
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Term
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Definition
air to absorb longwave radiation
increases |
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Term
| However, greater cloud formation reflects |
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Definition
more
insolation, producing lower temperatures |
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Term
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Definition
of air reduces evaporation rates
and the ability of the air mass to absorb water vapor |
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Term
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Definition
| temperature conditions more moderate--water warms and cools slowly |
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Term
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Definition
| temperature conditions more extreme---and land warms and cools rapidly |
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Term
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Definition
| Correlates cold and wind speed |
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Term
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Definition
| Correlates heat and humidity |
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Term
Holding actual
air temperature
constant, |
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Definition
higher
wind speed
results in higher
wind chill |
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Term
Holding actual air
temperature
constant |
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Definition
higher
humidity results in
higher heat index |
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Term
| Changing direction of light's movement within the atmosphere without altering its wavelengths is known as ________. |
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Definition
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Term
| Insolation at Earth's surface is higher near the poles than along the equator. |
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Definition
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Term
| which of the following has the highest albedo? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which of the following can result in the cooling of Earth's surface? |
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Definition
| Cloud-albedo forcing where increasing cloud cover causes an increase in atmospheric albedo |
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Term
| How do greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide and water vapor warm the atmosphere? |
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Definition
| Greenhouse gases delay the transfer of longwave radiation from Earth into space |
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Term
| How is latent heat transferred from surface water to the atmosphere? |
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Definition
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Term
| Conduction is the principle way of transferring sensible heat... |
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Definition
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Term
| Which of the following statements more likely applies to land than water? |
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Definition
| heats up faster during the day and cools down faster at night |
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Term
| Which of the following correlates the effects of air temperature on the human body with wind speed? |
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Definition
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Term
| On land, the highest annual values for latent heat of evaporation occur in ________ and the highest values for sensible heat occur in ________. |
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Definition
| Tropical rain forests/subtropical deserts |
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Term
| On a sunny summer afternoon, at which of the following locations would temperatures be highest? |
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Definition
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