Term
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Definition
| the color of a minerals powder |
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Term
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Definition
| state of glowing while under an ultra violet light |
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Term
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Definition
| when a rock continues to glow after the UV light is turned off |
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Term
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Definition
the way minerals shine in light
1. Metallic
2. Non-Metallic |
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Term
Acid Test
(provide 2 examples) |
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Definition
test to see if a mineral contains calcium
ex. limestone and marble |
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Term
Magnetic
(provide example) |
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Definition
having the ability to attract certain metals
ex. magnitite |
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Term
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Definition
tendency to split well
(mica) |
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Term
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Definition
when minerals break along surfaces other than cleavages
(conchodial fracture=swirly) |
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Term
| What 5 things define a mineral? |
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Definition
1. inorganic
2. naturally occuring
3. definite chemical composition
4. definite crystallins structure
5. solid |
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Term
| What are the 3 steps of mineral formation? |
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Definition
1. magma cooling
2. evaporation of H2O
3. heat pressure or chemical reaction |
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Term
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Definition
| least reliable way of identifying minerals |
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Term
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Definition
the ratio of the mineral's mass to an equal volume of water
(formula: SG=wa/wa-ww)
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Term
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Definition
used to determine if it's halite
(very salty) |
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Term
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Definition
| when looking through calcite, you can see two edges on it |
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Term
| What are the minerals hardness in least to greatest? |
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Definition
1. talc
2. gypsum
3. calcite
3. fluorite
5. apatite
6. potassium feldspar
7.quartz
8. topaz
9. corundum
10. diamond |
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Term
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Definition
the resistance to being scratched
(diamonds are hardess) |
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Term
| What is the hardess and most common surface mineral? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are silicate minerals? What rocks are in the silicate mineral family? |
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Definition
all have silicon and oxygen
1. quartz
2. feldspar
a. othroclase (lighter)
b. plagioclase (darker)
3. mica
a. muscovite
b. biotite
4. talc |
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Term
| What is a ferromagnesium silicate? What minerals are in this family? |
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Definition
minerals contain iron, magnesium, silicon, and O2
1. horneblend (dark, long needles)
2. augite (short, dark crystals) |
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Term
| What are carbonates? What minerals are in the carbonate family? |
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Definition
do not contain silicon
(all react to acid test)
1. calcite (most common CaCO3)
a. icelandic spar has double refraction
2. dolomite (also contains magnesium)
3. malachite and azurite ( both also contain copper)
(m=green) (a=blue)
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Term
| What are ferrous materials? What minerals are in this family? |
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Definition
non-silicate
1. hematite (brownish red streak) (fe2O3)
2. magnitite (attracted to magnets) (mineral=lodestone) (fe3O4)
3. pyrite (fools gold) (feS2) |
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Term
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Definition
minerals, sediments, rock glass, and organic matter
(minerals make up rocks chemical composition) |
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Term
| What are the three classifications of rocks? |
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Definition
1. igneous (magma or lava) (come form volcanoes)
2. sedimentary (comes from sediments that occur from wathering and erosin)
3. metamorphic (changing rocks due to burial or heat) |
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Term
What are igneous rocks?
What are two things they form from? |
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Definition
cooling molten rock
1. magma- interior
*really hot
2. lava- exterior
*cooler than magma |
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Term
| What are 4 types of magma and lava properties? |
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Definition
1. hot
2. viscousity (resistance to flow) (thick+cool) (high silicate content=viscousity is thick and cool and hard to flow) (low silicate content=viscousity is thin and hot and easier to flow)
3. texture - how large grains are and how fast they cool (coarse=large, fine=tiny, frothy= has vesicles)
4. location (magma- intrusive, coarse grain) (lava- extrusive, fine, frothy, glass)
(in betweeners are porphyry) |
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Term
What are the 2 magma types?
(they are based on melts) |
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Definition
1. felsic
(high silicate content, high viscousity,cooler, very explosive, pyroclasic flow)
2. mafic
(darker, reduced silica, more iron, hotter, less viscousity(flows more))
*lava- moves in path ways |
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Term
| What are the igneous rock families? How are the classified? |
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Definition
1. granite - felsic
(extrusive)
2.gabbro- mafic
3. intermediate- mixture of felsic and mafic |
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Term
| What rocks are in the granite family? |
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Definition
1. extrusive rocks- obsidian (dark) (glass),
pumice (light) (frothy)
*out of all the gases that come out of volcanoes, H20 is the most.
others include: CO2+SO2
2. porphyry rocks- rhyolyte
3. intrusive rocks- granite
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Term
| What rocks are in the gabbro family? |
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Definition
1. extrusive rocks- basalt glass, scoria (should float)
contains iron and magnesium^
2. porphyry rocks- basalt (fine grain)
3. intrusive rocks- gabbro
* basalt is considered the marine/ ocean igneous rock |
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Term
| What rocks are in the intermediate rock family? |
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Definition
1. intrusive rocks - diorite (large, coarse grains)
2. extrusive rocks - andesite (fine grains) |
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Term
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Definition
| any magma formation that cools at depth |
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Term
| What are the 5 intrusions of magma? |
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Definition
1. dike - pluton - verticle
2. sill - pluton - parallel
3. laccolith - pluton - dome shaped
4. volcanic neck - extinct volcanoes
5. batholith - large granite masses that form at the core of mountains (felsic) |
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Term
| What is a matamorphic rock? |
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Definition
| the changing of exsisting rock by heat, pressure, and/or chemical action to create a new rock |
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Term
| What does sandstone, compact limestone, bituminous coal, and shale metamorphsize into? |
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Definition
1. sandstone -> quartzite
2. compact limestone -> marble
*(both react to acis test)
3. bituminous coal -> antracite -> graphite
4. shale -> slate -> phyllite -> schist
*the first rocks are the parent rocks |
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Term
| What are the two types of metamorphism? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is dynamic metamorphism? |
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Definition
- always moving (regional) - large area
- associated with mountain building
- intense friction causes heat which then causes pressure
*foliation occurs from heat and pressure
ex. gneiss |
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Term
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Definition
layering of minerals due to heat and pressure
*minerals recrystalize |
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Term
| What is recrystalization? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| bands of different materials |
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Term
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Definition
| the rock formed from the end of foliation |
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Term
| What is thermal metamorphism? |
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Definition
- through contact - has to touch
*caused by volcanoes - heat, hot liquids (magma), hot gases
*NO FOLIATION!
*a volcano doesnt have to errupt, all you need is intrusions
EX. MARBLE |
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Term
| What are the results of metamorphism? |
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Definition
1. the further you go, the denser the rock is
(squeezes out impurities, water, and air pockets)
2. more crystalline
3. recrystallization - can end up with different minerals |
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