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| thick ice mass, stream of ice, bounded by precipitous rock walls, that flows down valley from a snow accumulation center near its head |
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| Valley and Alpine Glaciers |
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| because of their location and how they are made due to the surrounding environment |
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| enormous masses flow out in all directions from one or more centers and completely obscure all but the highest areas of underlying terrain |
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| large, relatively flat masses of floating ice that extend seaward from the coast but remain attached to land alone one more sides |
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| covering some uplands and plateaus are masses of glacial ice |
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| occupy broad lowlands at the bases of steep mountains and form when one or more valley glaciers emerge from the confining walls of mountain valleys |
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| when the glacier moves over irregular terrain, the zone of fracture is subjected to tension, resulting in cracks |
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| when snow and ice formation occur |
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| there is a net loss to the glacier as all of the snow from the previous winter melts, as does some of the glacial ice |
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| large pieces of ice break off the front of a glacier-create icebergs |
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| occurs when meltwater penetrates the cracks and joints along the rock floor of the glacier and freezes |
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| as the ice and its load of rock fragments move over bedrock, they function like sandpaper to smooth and polish the surface below |
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pulverized rock produced by the glacial "grist mill"
-produced that meltwater streams leaving a glacier often have the grayish appearance of skim milk |
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| when ice at the bottom of a glacier contains larger rock fragments, long scratches and grooves-they can be gouged into the bedrock |
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| mountain valley that has widened, deepened, and straighten by a glacier |
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| after the ice has receded, the valleys of tributary glaciers are left standing above the main glacial trough |
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| at the head of a glacial valley is a characteristic and often imposing feature associated with an alpine glacier |
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| sinuous, sharp-edged ridges |
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| sharp, pyramid-like peaks |
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| deep, often spectacular, steep-sided inlets of the sea that exist in many high latitude areas of the world where mountains are adjacent to the ocean |
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| all embracing term for sediments of glacial origin, no matter how, where, or in what form they were deposited |
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| materials deposited directly by the glacier-deposited as glacial ice melts and drops its load of rock fragments |
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| sediments laid down by glacial meltwater-sorted according to the size and weight of the fragments |
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| boulders found in the till or lying free on the surface |
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| the most widespread features created by glacial deposition-simply layers or ridges of till |
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| the sides of a valley glacier accumulate large quantities of debris from the valley walls the glacier wastes away these materials are left as ridges |
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| form when two advancing valley glaciers come together to form a single ice stream |
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| ridge of till that accumulates at the terminus of a glacier-relatively common landforms are deposited when a state of equilibrium is attained between wastage and ice accumulation |
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| undulating layer of till deposited as the ice front retreats |
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| very first end moraine to form marks the farthest advance of the glacier |
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| form as the ice front occasionally stabilizes during retreat |
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| relatively flat, gentle sloping plain consisting of materials deposited by meltwater streams in front of the margin of an ice sheet |
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| relatively narrow body of stratified drift deposited on a valley floor by meltwater streams that issue from a valley glacier |
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| end moraines, outwash plains, and valley trains are pockmarked with basins or depressions-form when blocks of stagnant ice become buried in drift |
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| streamlined asymmetrical hills composed of till-occur in clusters like fields |
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| ridges, deposits made by streams flowing in tunnels beneath the ice, near the terminus of a glacier |
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| steep-sided hills that, like eskers, are composed largely of stratified drift-originate when glacial meltwater washed sediment into openings and depressions in the stagnant wasting terminus of a glacier |
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| lake formed during a period of increased rainfall |
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| deserted or unoccupied, arid. one of the two types of dry climate and is the driest out of the both |
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| a marginal and more humid variant of the desert that separates it from bordering humid climates |
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| time of extensive continental glaciation |
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| dry regions in the lower latitudes are zones of high air pressure |
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| deserts carry water only in response to specific episodes of rainfall-called wash or arroyo |
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| arid regions typically lack permanent streams-don't have a discontinuous pattern of intermittent streams that do not flow out of the desert to the ocean |
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| fan shaped deposit of sediment formed when a streams slope is abruptly reduced |
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| fan enlarges eventually coalescing with fans from adjacent canyons to produce an apron of sediment |
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| rare occasions of abundant rainfall, streams may flow across the alluvial fans to the center of the basin converting the basin floor to become more shallow |
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| one way wind can erode, lifting and removal of loose material |
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| most noticeable result of deflation in some places is shallow depressions |
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| layer of of coarse pebbles and gravel created when wind removed the finer material |
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| winds that commonly deposit sand in mounds or ridges |
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| the wind sweeps around and over it leaving a shadow of more slowly moving air behind the obstacle as well as smaller zone of quieter air just in front of the obstacle |
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| leeward slope of the dune-as more sand collects the slope steepens and eventually some of it slides under the pull of gravity |
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| as sand is deposited on the slip face, it forms layers inclined in the direction of the wind is blowing |
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