Because Stress is a force it

a. Takes energy out of rock

b. Adds energy to rock

c. Adds volume to rock

Which type of stress force produces reverse faults?

a. shearing

b. tension

c. Compression

The point beneath Earth's surface where rock breaks under stress and triggers an earthquake is called 

a. syncline

b. focus

c. epicenter

The type of seismic waves that arrive at the surface first and move by compressing and expanding the ground like an accordion are called

a. S waves

b. P waves

c. Surface waves

Compared to P and S waves, surface waves move

a. Faster

b. Slower

c. at the same rate

Which scale would most likely be used to tell how much earthquake damage was done to homes and other buildings?

a. The richter scale

b. The mercalli scale

c. The moment magnitude scale

What does a seismograph record?

a. The mercalli scale rating for an Earthquake

b. The speed of seismic waves

c. The ground movements caused by seismic waves

Which of the following can cause damage days of months after a large earthquake?

a. The arrival of surface waves

b. Liquefaction

c. a Tsunami

If the coast Guard warns of a gant wave of water approaching the shore as a result of a major earthquake they are warning of 

a. An aftershock

b. Liquefaction

c. A tsunami

A device that uses wire stretched across a fault to measure horizontal movement of the ground is called a 

a. Creep meter

b. Lazer-ranging device

c. Tiltmeter

Which of the following monitors both verticle and horizontal movement along a fault?

a. Lazer- ranging devise

b. GPS satellite system

c. Tiltmeter

Geologists know that wherever plate movement stores energy is the rock along faults, 

a. Earthquakes are not likely

b. Earthquakes are likely 

c. An earthquake is accuring

Most earthquake- related deaths and injuries result from 

a. Tsunamis

b. Damage to buildings or other structures

c. Liquefaction

In a strike-slip fault, the rocks on either side of the fault slip past each other sideways with little 

a. Noise

b. Shaking

c. Up-or-down motion

What happens when friction between the opposite sides of a fault is high?

a. A plateau may form on one side of the fault.

b. The fault locks, and stress builds up until an earthquake occurs

c. Folding of the crust may occur

In what direction do seismic waves carry the energy of an earthquake ?

a. Away from the focus

b. Towards the focus

c. From the surface to the interior

What type of earthquake wave can travel through both liquids and solids?

a. P waves

b. S waves

c. Focus waves

Geologists cannot yet predict earthquakes because 

a. They have too much data

b. They can't be sure when and where stress will be released along a fault

c. They need to know where all past earthquakes occured

Volcanic belts form along

a. Islands in the Pacific Ocean

b. North American mountain ranges

c. The boundaries of Earth's plates

The long tube in the ground that connects the magma chamber to Earth's surface is called the

a. Vent

b. Side vent

c. Pipe

If a volcano's magma is high in silica, the volcano will probably

a. Erupt quietly

b. Remain dormant

c. Erupt explosively

Pahoehoe is 

a.Cooler, slower-moving lava

b. Fast-moving, hot lava

c. Volcanic ash

When groundwater heated by magma rises to the surface and collects in a natural pool, it is called a 

a. Hot spring

b. Geyser

c. Vent

a. Hot spring

In volcanic areas, groundwater heated by magma is a source of 

a. Lava flow

b. Silica

c. Geothermal energy

Which of the following colcano hazzards is made up of rocky particles about the size of a grain of sand?

a. Volcanic bombs

b. Pahoehoe

c. Volcanic ash

The main hazard from a quiet volcanic eruption is

a. Volcanic gases

b. Lava flows

c. Geysers

tall, cone-shaped mountains in which layers of lava alternate with layers of ash are called

a. Shield volcanoes

b. Cinder cone volcanoes

c. Composite volcanoes

Which type of rock would you expect to form as the result of an explosive eruptions?

a. Pahoehoe

b. Granite

c. Pumice

What is the landform that forms when a mass of hardened magma is uplift, causing the layers of rock to bend upward?

a. Volcanic neck

b. Dike

c. Dome mountain

The major ingredient of magma is

a. Pahoehoe

b. Silica

c. Dissolved gases

What can be used to identify a substance or to predict how it will behave?

a. Stages of activity

b. Physical and chemical properties

c. An island arc

The volcanoes along converging oceanic plate boundaries may form

a. Hot spot

b. A part of the mid-ocean ridge

c. An island arc

The huge hole left by the collapse of a volcanic mountain is called a 

a. Lava plateau

b. Caldera

c. Cinder cone

When ash, cinders, and bombs build up in a steep pile around a volcano's vent, the result is a

a. Cinder cone volcano

b. Shield colcano

c. Composite volcano

When magma hardens in a volcano's pipe, the result will eventually be a landform called a 

a. Batholith

b. Dike

c. Volcanic neck

Magma that forces across rock layers hardens into a 

a. Sill

b. Volcanic neck

c. Dike

What provides the force that causes magma to erupt to the surface?

a. The silica in the magma

b. Dissolved gases trapped in the magma

c. Gravity in the lithosphere

Igneous rock that cools very quickly when it forms may have a texture that is 

a. Smooth and shiny with no visible grain

b. Multicolored and banded

c. Coarse grain

Rock that forms from the cooling of magma below the surface or lava at the surface is called

a. Sedimentary rock 

b. Metamorphic rock 

c. Igneous rock

Where does most metamorphic rock form?

a. At the surface

b. Just below the surface

c. Deep underground

Igneous rock taht formed from lava that erupted onto Earth's surface is called

a. Extrusive rock

b. Intrusive rock 

c. Clastic rock

The most abundant intrusive rock in the continental crust is 

a. Slate

b. Granite

c. Flint

Which igneous rock has large crystals surrounded by smaller crystals?

a. Pegmatite

b. Porphyry

c. Rhyolite

The process by which sediment settles out of the water or wind carrying it is

a. Compaction

b. Cementation

c. Deposition

To describe a rock's texture, geologists determine

a. The color and density of the rock

b. How the rock formed

c. The size, shape, and pattern of the rock's grains

A sedimentary rock made up of rock fragments with rounded edges is called

a. Shale

b. Sandstone

c. Conglomerate

Over time, coral buried by sediments can turn into

a. Granite

b. Limestone

c. Coal

The heat that changes a rock into metamorphic rock comes from 

a. The heat of the mantle

b. The sun

c. Movements in the crust

Which of the following is NOT one of the possible stages in the rock cycle?

a. Volcanic activity

b. Erosion

c. Smelting

During the rock cycle, a collision between two continental plates could force one plate down toward the heat of the mantle, producing

a. Coarse-grained rock

b. Metamorphic rock

c. Igneous rock

b. Metamorphic rock

The sedimentary rock breccia is made up of

a. Rock fragments with sharp edges

b. Skeletons of ocean organisms

c. Plant remains

Generally, a rock is made up of

a. Rock fragments with sharp edges 

b. A mixture of minerals and other materials

c. Small crystals

The sedimentary rock formed when water deposits tiny particles of clay in very thin, flat layers is called

a. Gypsum

b. Shale

c. Limestone

What happens to a coral reef if the sea level rises or if the sea floor sinks?

a. It dies

b. It is not affected

c. It continues to grow upward

Heat and pressure deep beneath Earth's surface can change any rock into

a. Chemical rock

b. Gemstones

c. Metamorphic rock

A series of processes on Earth's surface and in the crust and mantle that slowly changes rocks from one kind to another is called

a. Erosion

b. Crystallization

c. The rock cycle

What are the two most useful metamorphic rocks?

a. Sandstone and quartzite

b. Marble and slate

c. Limestone and breccia

Wavelengths that are a little bit shorter than visible lights are

a. Infared

b. Violet

c. Ultraviolet

Most of Earth's incoming ultraviolet radiation is absorbed by

a. Clouds

b. Dust

c. Ozone

The freezing point of pure water on the celsius scale is

a. 0

b. 32

c. 100

a. 0

Heat transfer between two substances that are in contact is called 

a. Conduction

b. Thermal energy

c. Convection

Most of the heating of the troposphere comes from

a. Conduction

b. Condensation

c. Convection

Convection takes place because

a. Warm air is more dense than humid air

b. Cold air is less dense than warm air

c. Cold air is more dense than warm air

Winds are caused by differences in

a. Precipitaion

b. Humidity

c. Air Pressure

Wind Speed is measured by a(n)

a. Barometer

b. Anemometer

c. Thermometer

Local winds differ from global winds because they 

a. Are caused by unequal heating within a small area

b. Are caused by differences in cloud cover

c. Are due to unequal rainfall

Earth's rotation makes global winds curve. This is called the

a. Convection effect

b. Global effect

c. Coriolis effect

The horse latitudes are located

a. At about 60 north and south latitudes

b. at the equator

c. at the 30 north and south latitudes

Relative Humidity can be measured with a(n)

a. Anemometer

b. Barometer

c. Psychrometer

The two main parts of psychrometer are

a. A rain guage and a measuring stick

b. A wet-bulb thermometer and a dry-bulb thermometer

c. A collecting funnel and a measuring tube

Clouds from when water vapor in the air

a. Falls to the ground

b. Condenses onto a solid surface

c. Becomes liquid water or ice crystals

Two conditions are required for cloud formation: cooling of the air and

a. The absorption or infrared energy

b. The unequal heating of Earth's surface

c. The presence of particles in the air

Large clouds that often produce thunderstorms are called 

a. Stratus clouds

b. Cumulonimbus clouds

c. Cirrus clouds

Very high feathery clouds are called

a. Stratus clouds 

b. Cumulonimbus clouds

c. Cirrus clouds

layered clouds that often cover much of the sky and are a dull gray color are called

a. Stratus clouds

b. Cumulonimbus

c. Cirrus clouds

Any form of water that falls from clouds is called

a. Dew

b. Evaporation

c. Precipitation

The modify precipitation, clouds are sometime seeded with

a. Salt and silver iodide

b. Dry ice and salt

c. Dry ice and silver iodide

Holes drilled several kilometers into Earth's crust provide evidence about Earth's interior in the form of

a. Seismic waves

b. Rock samples

c. Liquid iron

What is the current order (starting from the surface) of Earth's layers?

a. Crust, outer core, inner core, mantle

b. Mantle, Outer core, inner core, crust

c. Crust, mantle, outer core, inner core

The transfer of energy through empty space is called

a. Conduction

b. Convection

c. Radiation

Heat transfer within a fluid takes place by

a. Convection currents

b. Radiation

c. Conduction

According to Wegner's hypothesis of continental drift

a. Earth's surface is made up of seven major landmasses

b. The continents do not move

c. The continents were once joined together as a single landmass

What technology did scientists use in the mid-1900s to map the mid-ocean ridge?

a. Satellites

b. Deep-sea diving

c. Sonar

In sea-floor spreading, molten material rises the mantle an erupts

a. along the edges of all the continents

b. Along mid-ocean trenches

c. In deep-ocean trenches

How did scientists discover that rocks farther away from the mid-ocean ridge were older than near it?

a. By observing erubtions of molten materials on the sea floor

b. By mapping rocks on the sea floor using sonar

c. By determining the age of rock samples obtained by drilling on the sea floor

The process by which the ocean floor sinks beneath a deep-ocean trench and back into the mantle is known as 

a. Convection

b. Continental drift

c. Subduction

Old oceanic crust is more dense than new oceanic crust because it is

a. Hot

b. Moving toward a deep-ocean trench

c. Cool

Most geologists think that the movement of Earth's plates is caused by

a. Conduction

b. Earthquakes

c. Convection currents in the mantle

The geological theory that states that pieces of Earth's lithosphere are in constant, slow motion is the theory of

a. Subduction

b. Plate tectonics

c. Deep-ocean trenches

A place where two plates slip past each other, moving in opposite directions, is known as a 

a. Transform boundary

b. Divergent boundary

c. Convergent boundary

A rift valley forms at a 

a. Convergent plate boundary 

b. Divergent plate boundary

c. Transform boundary

Using data from seismic waves, geologists have learned that Earth's interior is made up of several 

a. Continents 

b. Layers

c. Ridges

Earth's magnetic field results from movements in the

a. Mantle

b. Outer core

c. Inner core

Scientists think that convection currents flow in Earth's 

a. Continents

b. Mantle

c. Lithosphere

A collision between two pieces of continental crust at a converging boundary produces a 

a. Mid-ocean ridge

b. Deep-ocean trench

c. Mountain range

Any trace of an ancient organism that has been preserved in rock is called a 

a. Landform

b. Continent

c. Fossil

The place where two plates come together is known as a 

a. Transform boundary

b. Divergent boundary

c. Convergent boundary