Term
| what elements are required for life (as wa know it) to arise? |
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Definition
carbon hydrogen nitrogen oxygen |
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Term
| what is the earliest evidence for life on earth |
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Definition
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Term
| how old is the evidence for life on earth? |
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Definition
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Term
| what compound is requred for the formation of life? |
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Definition
| water - think we need water, but not completely sure! |
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Term
| what were the conditions under which early life arose? |
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Definition
water dont need light --> deepest dark spots in the ocean instead of sunlight have bacteria in bellies |
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Term
| What is the source of energy for the creation of life? |
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Definition
NO IDEA! light - passes through things help building blocks chemosyntasis - chemical (bacteria) processes things commet striking earth --> unbelievable energy to make simple things more complex |
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Term
| where is the universe are organic materials which could have been the building blocks of life? |
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Definition
| amino acids - building blocks for life --> turn into peptides with extreme energy |
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Term
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Definition
cant exsist outsede their extreme enviornment archaic bacteria life forms live en extream conditions very hot very cold very acidic |
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Term
| Could extremeophiles be similar to early life? |
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Definition
| evolved -->adapted to extreame enviornemtns |
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Term
| How could impacts be related to life |
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Definition
commet striking earth? extream impacts cause amino acids to form more complex items (peptides) |
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Term
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Definition
one of the first medorites found in allenhills-conrite, about 4lbs from mars 16 million years ago |
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Term
| is ALH84001 conclusive evidence for or against the formation of life elswhere in the solar system? |
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Definition
formed 4.5 billion years old - same age as earth carbonites in cracks of rock (on earth form in liquid water) water on mars - resembles earth bacteria (fossilzed in rocks) |
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Term
| What about ALH84001 is unique and has not yet been explained in terms other than life? |
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Definition
bacteria Mg1 forms magnitite on earth. how is this in the fossil if ther eis no life on mars? magnitite in fossils (provided by bacteria Mg1) |
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Term
| What conculusion can we reach today about the origin of life on earth? |
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Definition
not sure of energy source know it happened not sure what conditions you need just nitrogen, oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, water, and energy? or do you need more? |
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Term
| Waht conculusion can we reach about the abundance of life in the universe |
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Definition
has to be water around places have materials for life, even though it might not exsist today mars has materials but no prooven life |
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Term
| what are the tree periods of the mesozoic Era |
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Definition
cretaceous triasic jurassic |
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Term
| How long was hte mesozoic era? |
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Definition
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Term
| what event began the mesozoic |
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Definition
| 97% of life ceases - great dieing area |
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Term
| what event ended the mesozoic |
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Definition
65 million years ago a rock 6 miles across landed peace out dinos and 75% of life at the time |
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Term
| dinosaurs have two different hip patterns, what are they? |
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Definition
saurischian pelvis ornithischian pelvis |
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Term
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Definition
herbavors, walk on all 4s ornthischian jurassic |
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Term
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Definition
herbavor, all 4s jurassic ornthischian |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Who were Cope and Marsh and what did they do |
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Definition
responsible for bone wars battled over bones - hijakcd each others bones, blew one feild up - found 150+ specis of dinos march - trained palentologist cope - privately supported started in NJ 1870 - 1900 feed obsession for americans with interests in dions |
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Term
| What did roy chapman andrews add to our knowledge of dinosaurs? |
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Definition
adventurer - janitor at museam of natural history - moved up went to agiato look for origin of man - found dino eggs gathered everything put together 1st comprehensive enviornment for dinos - goby desert was a desert lived in very dry enviornment might not be reptiles |
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Term
| waht did john ostrum add to our knowledge of dinos |
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Definition
| begins revolution in dinosaurs - far too active to be a reptile suggests they are entirely sepert group of species |
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Term
| waht was significant about the dinosaur deinonychus |
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Definition
| too active to be reptile with big claws and legs where mussels would attach |
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Term
| what was the evidence that Bakker used to argue that dinosurs were not cold blooded? |
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Definition
- found blood vessels in bones - very high, consistatn with mammals and birds - goes against reptiles
- geographical areas where dinos exhisted
- soem lived in cooler enviornments - no reptiles in these areas
- also looked at isotope structure of bones
- had oxygen 16but had more oxygen 18
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Term
| What were significant findings on dinosaur behavior made by Horner? |
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Definition
- 1988 summer - hunting dinos in montana -->stopped at rock
- baby dino bones (people ranch) 12 million years of rocks
- 15 baby dinos - most found in one place
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Term
| what was his evidence for each of these findings? |
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Definition
- babys teeth have been wron/used
- still in nest -->mother dino is bringing food to babys -->reptiles dont do tha..mamals/birds do
- (taking care of young in nest)
- 8 nests - comunity area
- 23 feet average distance between nests (also the legnth of the dinos)
- spacing tess us they behavied much liek communial nesting birds
- deposit and spread over miles (10,000 individual dinos @ once) died traviling in heard
- piroclastic flow - llahar deposit
- social behaviors not like reptiles
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
- insects
- whatever it wraps itself around
- 3d things
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Term
| when was amber first used to make art |
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Definition
10,000 years ago - carvings stone age |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| how old are the rocks which contain amber in the dominican republic |
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Definition
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Term
| what climate do giant bean trees live in? |
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Definition
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Term
| what did the poinar's do with dominican republic amber? |
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Definition
| used tiny fossils to bring a whole tropical forest to life |
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Term
| what information is preserved in the amber |
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Definition
behavior of things trapped ex: bee collecting resin to build a nest |
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Term
| how do we determine the likely behavior of past animals trapped in amber? |
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Definition
| figure out what they were doing when they were preserved |
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Term
| what larger animal leaves us evidence in the Dominican Republic Amber? |
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Definition
tadpols diving beetles marsh animals frog eggs |
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Term
| how is the presence of fig trees deduced in the ancient dominican forest |
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Definition
wasps - proves forset had figs --> cant exsist w/o each other fig wasps live in figs - collect pollen proves fig trees were there |
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Term
| what do unique insect relationships tell us about cahnge in tropical forests |
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Definition
| same relationship exsisted 20 million years ago that still do - very little change |
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Term
| what information is suggested by the presence of honey-pot ants |
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Definition
| that the ancient forest had a dryspot lasting 3-4 months -->can tell us how much rain we got |
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Term
| waht did David Grimaldi do to lizards trapped in amber |
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Definition
| used super powerful scanner to see inside (bones etc) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Elzbieta Sontag (university of Gdansk,biolgist) |
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Definition
| goes through amber to look for things inside, goes through about 20 peices before she finds something |
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Term
| George and Roberta Poinar |
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Definition
| rebuilt forest out of amber - made model |
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Term
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Definition
| wanted to know if they were as preserved in the insde as they were on the outside ---> tested 2nd lizzard, figured out all the bones were broken prob dead from dropping from a bird |
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Term
| how much does america rely on fossil fuels for its energy production |
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Definition
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Term
| how quickly are we using fossil fules (oil) |
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Definition
by 2030 we will have burned through 2/3s probably see end of oil in our lifetime |
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Term
| understand the differences and similarities between coal and oil |
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Definition
- coal cannot be burend in planes or cars
- coal starts as microscopic plants, oil as microscopic sea creatures
- no 2 oil deposits are alike, but coal can be
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Term
| during what geological period was 1/2 the worlds coal produced |
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Definition
| 350-500 million years ago |
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Term
| undersatnd the use of oil adn its growing importance as a source for materials |
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Definition
| mobility and makes plastic |
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Term
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Definition
30% us burned to make plastic 20% energy production in us 82 million barrels a day (42 gallon barrals) us consumes 1/2 a day |
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Term
| know where the worlds oil is located |
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Definition
saudi arabia(66%), iraq, russia |
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Term
Understand the alterntive sources of oil |
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Definition
oil shales - rocks contain petrolium product - not been tapped cause much higher process to get @ the oil - west (utah, montana) tar sands - in canada - like oil shales |
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Term
| where do we get natural gas from |
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Definition
methane - most common 20% america's energy fossil sources |
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Term
what are methane hydrates, how are they produced |
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Definition
microbes methane hydrates - ice that burns water ice that contains methane microbs |
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Term
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Definition
in a state of change the waeter in one place of a long period of time 10 years - decade |
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Term
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Definition
international pannel of climate change 2000 scientists giant peer reviewd group produced 3 reports |
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Term
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Definition
look @ science other people are doign and put it together take all little peices and put the big puzzle together |
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Term
| what are the present conclusions about climate |
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Definition
| average overall temp of climate went up .6*c in the past 100 years (1*f) |
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Term
| What role does the sun play in climate |
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Definition
source of energy - where the climate system begins Barilliam 10 - track energy out put pf sim (measrue in rocks) |
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Term
| What are the green house gasses and the green house effects |
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Definition
trillion of tons of carbon (5billion tons a year)thrown into atmosphere (gases act like a blanekt--> traps heat ozone) |
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Term
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Definition
nitros oxide methane parts per billion measured |
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Term
| waht are the most abundant |
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Definition
| c02 least powerful - parets per million messured in |
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Term
| understanding the forcings and feedbacks in the climate system |
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Definition
forcings - directly effected by energy (conver belt) feedbacks - amplifications or dampening of climate systems |
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Term
| understand how we use dendrochronology, ice cores, and original shell material to determine past climate conditions |
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Definition
dendrochronology - using trees ice cores - 70,000 year old ice measure gasses dust particles -- melt water look for isotopes |
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Term
| understand the 1940-70 cooling, its causes, and how we know |
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Definition
soot from indistrialization in ice-equator boundry dust northern not south |
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Term
| Understand what we expect to happen in the future Climate Changes: |
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Definition
- Water
- Might have more water than we know what to do with
- Weather
- Many more hurricanes – cant determine the energy out fo them
- This year 5 hurricanes the average is 3
- Energy and circulation under the ocean
- Thermo haling circulation
- o Salt is left behind out of salt water
- o Regional cold snap – circulation slowed down
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Term
| Understand what we can do to reverse climate change and how long it will take. |
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Definition
| What ever we do to try and stop global warming will not even start to be in effect for 20 years or more – not for us, for our ancestors - Reduce carbon admissions
- Efficient energy sources
- Reduce poverty – less population – middleclass citizens want to put all their children through college – have less children
- Technology – artificial means for pulling Co2 out of the air
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Term
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Definition
o Radioactive decay of elements § Take big elements, make smaller ones o Uranium – primary fuel source § Uranium 238 – not very useful as a power source § Enrich it to U235 – much more energetic · Enough heat to boil water § Once they have been used, they become dangerous · Radiation § Only dangerous for 500 years · Longer than US has existed!! 100,000 years dangerous |
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Term
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Definition
| - Human error – hooked up all the wires – fire sparked by a welder – only 1 phone line going into a plant – didn’t communicate with the fire department – finally got the fire out – 10 mins to get in, 3 to put the fire out |
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Term
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Definition
o a valve stuck and they kept turning dials to unstuck the valve § Partial meltdown – claimed no radiation leakage § Genetic damages to animals and plants around § No one kept track of the people that lived down wind since there was “no radiation leakage” |
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Term
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Definition
| § No green house gasses § No pollution § Domestic fuel source |
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Term
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Definition
| § Waste material very dangerous § Inherent danger from careless operation § Public fear |
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Term
| o Fission Breeder Reactors · Pro |
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Definition
| · o Current fuel source lasts over a thousand years o Very little waste (worst is dangerous for 30-40 years) o Recycles waste material from burner |
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Term
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Definition
| o Inherent dangers of careless operation o Expensive to build o 10 years before you see any fuel |
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Term
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Definition
| o No pollution o No greenhouse gases o Does not consume water |
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Term
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Definition
| o Need to be on a river o Alters the river |
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Term
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Definition
| ¶ Wind – a few weeks ago wind was more efficient that oil since it was cheaper o Large and small ones o Simple mechanical technology o Pro ¶ No pollution ¶ No green house gasses ¶ Multiple land use ¶ No hazardous waste (including internal components o Cons ¶ Spoils the view |
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Term
| ¶ Solar – Photovoltaic cells - |
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Definition
| 2 layers of silicon with a nonproductive layer between them, want to get through the panel, have to go through copper wires, produces electricity o Can put on small structures – doesn’t have to just be a power plant |
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Term
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Definition
clean energy production free fuel can be installed on small structures |
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Term
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Definition
only work during the day large amounts of power requre large area similar power to a fision plant requres many |
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Term
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Definition
taps the earth crust tapping the heat of earths crust pro - free energy source indefinate life time con rock conducts heat poorly output falls after a few years some ghg released |
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Term
ethonol - energy to run cars - green plants - burns at 60*f Methonal - tree bark |
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Definition
pro less use of a fire hazzard htna gas less partical pollution less co2 + its co2 free same distrobution infastructures as gas same vehicles as gas con food used as fuel less energy efficiant thatn gas less mpg |
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Term
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Definition
hydrogen + oxygen =energy pro clean efficiant con currently all comercal hydrogen comes from oil, solves nothing! |
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Term
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Definition
making hevy elements from lighter ones cant don it, can't figure it out! |
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