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| ELEMENTS are the building blocks on ______________ |
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1. Natural
2. Inorganic
3. Solid
4. Posses an orderly internal structure of atoms
5. Have a definite chemical composition |
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| ATOMS are the ________________ particles of matter |
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| the ____________ is the central part of the atom |
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| the NUCLEUS is made up of __________ and _____________ with ______________ surround it in the shells. |
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Definition
PROTONS AND NEUTRONS
ELECTRONS |
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| ATOMS will ___________________ to create a bond |
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| Physical properties of a MINERAL |
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Definition
1. crystal form
2. luster
3. color
4. streak
5. hardness
6. cleavage |
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| how to determine the physical properties of a mineral |
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Definition
1. fracture (how it breaks)
2. specific gravity (how dense it is)
3. other properties - taste, smell, elasticity
4. feel
5. magnetism
6. double refraction
7. reaction to hydrochloric acid |
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| the most abundant atoms in Earth's crust are ____________ and _____________ |
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| you combine silicon and oxygen to create ____________ |
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| the most common mineral group are the _______________________ |
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| _______________ are already identified deposits |
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| _____________ are useful metallic minerals that can be mined at a profit |
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| all earth materials must be either a _______, ____________, or _____________ |
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Definition
| magma--> igneous rock --> sediment --> sedimentary rock --> metamorphic rock |
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| Igneous Rocks form when ___________ |
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| rocks inside the earth are called |
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| rocks formed on the surface are called |
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| classifying of igneous rock= |
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Definition
| classification is based on texture and mineral composition |
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| igneous rocks solidify at temps _______________ |
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Definition
| closest to those of the earths surface |
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| naming of igneous rocks - |
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| Basaltic Rocks, Andesitic (intermediate), and ultramafic |
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| sedimentary rocks are the _________________ of the three groups |
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| makes up about ________ of all rock outcrops |
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| Sedimentary rock's economic importance |
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| coal, petroleum, and natural gas, iron and aluminum |
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| we classify sedimentary rocks based on their ________________ |
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Definition
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| two groups of sedimentary rock |
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| sedimentary rocks are produced through _______________ |
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Definition
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| features of sedimentary rock |
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Definition
| strata or beds, bedding planes, fossils |
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| METAMORPHIC rocks are "_________ _________" rocks because |
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| Metamorphic rocks are transformed in a process called |
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| Metamorphic rock textures |
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| when you can still see layers but they have been melted together |
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| most important ore deposit are generated from |
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Definition
| general term that refers to all changes in the original form and or size of a rock body |
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| most crustal deformation occurs along |
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| igneous and metamorphic rock are much ___________ so they will break and sedimentary rock is much softer so it will ____________. |
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| rocks bent into a series of waves |
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| compressional forces which shorten and thicken the crust |
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| upfolded, or arched, rock layers (like an upside down U) |
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| anticlines and synclines can be ________, __________, or ___________ |
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Definition
| symmetrical, asymmetrical or overturned |
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| where fold die out they are said to be |
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| on an overturned limb the oldest layer is actually on top |
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| plunging means that it is going into |
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| up, like the dome of an old building and old. |
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| in a dome, the oldest rock is in the |
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Definition
| faults are breaks in rocks along which movement has taken place |
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Definition
| joints are fracture breaks in rocks along which no movement has taken place |
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Definition
crack going down
movement along the inclination of a fault plane
parts- Hanging wall- the rock above the fault surface
Footwall- the rock below the fault surface |
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Term
| dip slip faults can be _______ or ________ |
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Definition
| normal or reverse and thrust |
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Definition
| when the hanging wall moves down |
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| a normal fault is caused by |
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| what is a reverse and thrust fault |
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Definition
| hanging wall block moves up |
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| a reverse and thrust fault is caused by |
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Definition
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| Reverse faults are dips __________ than 45 degrees and thrust faults are dips ___________ than 45 degrees |
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Definition
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Term
| what is a strike slip fault |
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Definition
| the crack is horizontal and it slides past each other |
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| what is a transform fault |
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Definition
| large strike slip fault that cuts through the lithosphere |
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Definition
| the process of mountain building |
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Term
| most mountain building occurs at _______________ |
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Definition
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Term
| what is aleutian type mountain building |
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Definition
| when volcanic island arcs form because two oceanic plates converge and one is subducted beneath the other. |
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Term
| what is andean- type mountain building |
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Definition
| when an oceanic plate converges with a continent and is pushed beneath it. like the andes mountains along the sea |
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Term
| what is continental accretion |
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Definition
| small crustal fragments collide with and accrete to continental margins |
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| accreted blocks are called |
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Definition
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Term
| the higher the mountain the ______________ the crust below it has to be |
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Definition
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Definition
| the concept of a floating crust in gravitational balance. when weight is removed from the crust, crustal uplifting occurs. |
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Definition
| like the crust has a memory |
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Definition
| a sudden release of energy |
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Definition
| the place within the earth where earthquake waves originate |
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Definition
| the point on the surface of the earth above the focus |
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Term
| earthquakes do not occur in ____________ they occur in _____________. |
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Definition
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| how is earthquake intensity determined |
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Definition
| a measure in the degree of earthquake shaking at a given locale based on the amount of damage. MERCALLI INTENSITY SCALE |
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| how is magnitude of an earthquake determined |
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Definition
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| what is the reichter scale based off of |
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Definition
| the amplitude of the largest seismic wave |
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| the study of earthquake waves is called |
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Definition
| complex motion, slowest velocity of all waves, travels only through solids |
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Definition
| push-pull (compressional motion), travels through solids, liquids, and gases, greatest velocity of all earthquakes. |
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| most of our knowledge about earthquakes comes from our study of _________ and _____________ |
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Definition
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Definition
thin, rocky, outer layer.
Continental Crust- upper crust
Oceanic Crust-Younger, basaltic comp |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
Mesosphere
Outer Core
Lithosphere
Asthenosphere
Inner Core |
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| what is earths shadow zone |
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Definition
| absence of p waves from about 105 degrees to 140 degrees around the globe from an earthquake |
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| what do you need to locate an epicenter |
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Definition
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| factors that determine the violence of an eruption |
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Definition
composition of magma
temp of magma
dissolved gases in the magma |
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| what is the viscosity of magma |
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Definition
| the measure of a materials resistance to flow |
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| factors determining the viscosity of magma |
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Definition
temp (hotter= slower)
comp (low silica- high viscosity, high silica - low vis)
dissolved gases |
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Definition
pahoehoe lava (braids of ropes)
Aa lava (rough, jagged blocks) |
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Definition
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Definition
| pipe that caries gas-rich magma to the surface |
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Definition
| the surface opening (connected to the magma chamber via a pipe) |
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Definition
| steep walled depression at the summit (relatively small) |
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Definition
| a summit depression grater than 1 diameter (much much bigger than a crater) |
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Definition
| shield, cinder, and composite |
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| a fiery pyroclastic flow made of hot gases infused with ash |
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Definition
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Definition
| pipes are short conduits that connect a magma chamber to the surface |
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Definition
| are resistant vents left standing after erosion has removed the volcanic cone |
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| an underground igneous body is called |
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Definition
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Definition
tabular- thin in one of its dimensions
massive- large in three dimensions |
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Definition
discordant- cuts across existing structures
concordant - parallel to features such as sedimentary strata |
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Definition
| a tabular, discordant pluton |
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Definition
| a tabular, concordant pluton |
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Definition
| a massive, concordant pluton |
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Definition
| a massive, discordance pluton |
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Term
| batholith is the ____________ |
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Definition
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Term
| global distribution of igneous rock is _______ random |
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Definition
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Term
| convergent plate boundaries |
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Definition
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Term
| divergent plate boundaries |
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Definition
| the greatest volume of volcanic rock is produced along the oceanic ridge system. lithosphere pulls apart |
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Term
| intraplate igneous activity |
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Definition
| activity with a rigid plate. form localized volcanic regions called hot spots. |
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Term
| who proposed the first idea of the continental drift |
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Definition
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Term
| continental drift hypothesis |
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Definition
| supercontinent called pangaea began breaking apart about 200 million years ago |
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Definition
| exists beneath the lithosphere, hotter and weaker than lithosphere, allows motion of lithosphere. |
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| oceanic-continental convergence |
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Definition
| denser oceanic slab sinks into the asthenosphere, magma develop and rise, volcanic arcs form |
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Term
| oceanic-oceanic convergence |
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Definition
| two oceanic slabs converge and one descends beneath the other, often forms volcanoes on the ocean floor |
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| continental- continental convergence |
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Definition
| when subducting plates contain continental material and the two continents collide. **HIMALAYAS** |
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Definition
| prob the most persuasive evidence of continental drift, magnetism. |
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| the oldest part of ocean floor is by the ______ because magma creates new floor at spreading center |
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Definition
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Term
| where the deep earthquakes are around the world are in the direction _________________ |
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Definition
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Term
| deep earthquakes are ___________, shallow earthquakes are _____________ |
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Definition
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Term
| ___________ is the driving force of plate tectonics |
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Definition
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| slab-pull and slab-push model |
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Definition
| descending oceanic crust pulls the plate. elevated ridge system pushes the plate |
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Term
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Definition
| mantle plumes extend from the mantle core boundary and cause convection within the mantle |
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