Term
| Global circulation of ocean water is influenced by___ a.surface winds b.coastal upwelling and downwelling c.sinking of cold and saline water d.all of the above |
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Definition
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Term
| During the last 1 million years, major "ice ages" and interglacials occur on cycles of about every___years. a.500,000 b.40,000 c.100,000 d.30 |
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Definition
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Term
| The most prominent force inducing tides on Earth is the___ a.sun's gravitational pull b.moon's gravitational pull c.electromagnetic attraction between earth and the sun d.gravitational attraction between ocean waters and the continents on earth |
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Definition
| b.moon's gravitational pull |
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Term
| Periodic changes in earth's orbital eccentricity and magnitude, as well as in the direction (precession) of earth's axial tilt, affect the advance and retreat of ice sheets was first proposed by___ a.richter b.milankovitch c.mohorivic d.lyell |
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Definition
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Term
| El nino events are driven by changes in strength of the trade winds and walker circulation in the___ocean. a.atlantic b.indian c.arctic d.pacific |
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Definition
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Term
| As the velocity of the flow decreases, ___ a.the ability to erode decreases b.the maximum flow velocity decreases c.suspended sediment starts to be deposited d.all of the above |
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Definition
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Term
| If a 50-year flood occurs on the mississippi river in 2010, what is the probability that a flood of the same magnitude will occur in 2011? a.zero b.1% c.2% d.50% |
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Definition
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Term
| If a 100-year flood occurs on the mississippi river in 2010, what is the probability that a flood of the same magnitude will occur in 2011? a.zero b.1% c.2% d.50% |
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Definition
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Term
| If a 10-year flood occurs on the mississippi river in 2010, what is the probability that a flood of the same magnitude will occur in 2011? a.zero b.1% c.2% d.10% |
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Definition
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Term
| The shape of a delta is primarily determined by___ a.the shape of the river channel near the mouth b.the average grain size of the suspended and bed loads c.whether river currents, wave-driven currents, or tidal currents are locally predominant d.the type of rock that is weathering at outcrops near the headwaters of the river |
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Definition
| c.whether river currents, wave-driven currents, or tidal currents are locally predominant |
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Term
| In the region immediately surrounding an isolated volcano, a___drainage network is expected. a.dendritic b.radial c.rectangular d.trellis |
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Definition
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Term
| Sea-level will stop rising once all the glaciers and ice caps on the planet finish melting. a.true b.false |
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Definition
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Term
| In most deserts, the scarcity of rainfall means that most of the physical weathering and erosion is accomplished by the wind. a.true b.false |
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Definition
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Term
| "Rocky" shorelines are more common along___ a.active continental margins b.passive continental margins |
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Definition
| a.active continental margins |
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Term
| Sediments deposited directly by glaciers as they melt are termed___ a.firn b.loess c.outwash d.till |
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Definition
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Term
| A remnant knife-shaped ridge separating two bowl-shaped depressions formed by a mountain glacier is termed___ a.arete b.cirque c.horn d.tarn |
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Definition
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Term
| Shorelines that are found along active continental margins tend to exhibit___ a.expansive, sandy beaches b.barrier islands c.wave-cut notches and terraces d.alluvial fans |
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Definition
| c.wave-cut notches and terraces |
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Term
| Shorelines that are found along passive continental margins tend to exhibit___ a.expansive, sandy beaches b.barrier islands c.wave-cut notches and terraces d.alluvial fans |
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Definition
| a.expansive, sandy beaches |
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Term
| Beaches naturally migrate, partially as a result of longshore currents. a.true b.false |
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Definition
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Term
| The boundary between the accumulation and ablation zones of a glacier is termed___ a.the zone of wastage b.the recharge zone c.the equilibrium-line altitude d.the headwall |
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Definition
| c.the equilibrium-line altitude |
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Term
| Topography dominated by depressions formed by the collapse of caves is termed___ a.valley and ridge b.karst c.horst and graben |
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Definition
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Term
| Rip currents flow___ a.directly toward the shoreline b.directly perpendicular and away from the shoreline c.parallel to the shoreline |
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Definition
| b.directly perpendicular and away from the shoreline |
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Term
| The lowest elevation to which a stream can downcut is the___ a.base level b.floodplain c.stream gradient d.oxbow |
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Definition
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Term
| The sediment load of a stream consists of only those grains that are fine enough to stay in suspension. a.true b.false |
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Definition
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Term
| Meandering streams___ a.consist of a series of intertwined channels that are overloaded with sediment b.have flowing water either episodically or during a portion of the year c.have a channel that is highly sinuous (curvy) d.are those that divert flow from streams they have pirated |
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Definition
| c.have a channel that is highly sinuous (curvy) |
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Term
| Estuaries most commonly have salinity that is___ a.identical to normal marine salinity b.identical to fresh water c.hypersaline (greater than normal marine salinity) d.brackish (between freshwater and marine salinity) |
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Definition
| d.brackish (between freshwater and marine salinity) |
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Term
| Playas are places where you would expect to find abundant___exposed at the surface. a.coal b.igneous rock c.evaporites (salts) d.limestone |
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Definition
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Term
| The majority of large cave and karst systems have resulted from___etching into___ a.carbonic acid; limestone b.ascorbic acid; dolostone c.phosphoric acid; shale d.sea water; rock salt |
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Definition
| a.carbonic acid; limestone |
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Term
| Which type of continental coastline features a much broader (less steep) continental shelf? a.passive continental margins b.active continental margins |
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Definition
| a.passive continental margins |
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Term
| Rock formations that grow in caves by the accumulation of dripstone are called___ a.speleothems b.yardangs b.bolides d.cairns |
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Definition
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Term
| When sea level rises, causing the ocean to fill a glacially carved valley, a___results a.smorgasbord b.tarn c.fjord d.ford |
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Definition
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Term
| In a region with prominent perpendicular sets of joints, a___drainage network is expected. a.dendritic b.radial c.rectangular d.trellis |
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Definition
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Term
| The flat-lying area surrounding a river channel is termed the___ a.base level b.floodplain c.stream gradient d.ablation zone |
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Definition
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Term
| Saturated rock or sediment, wherein upward percolation of water is blocked by an overlying, impermeable layer, is termed___ a.aquitard b.confined aquifer c.unconfined aquifer d.unsaturated zone |
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Definition
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Term
| A bowl-shaped depression formed by a mountain glacier is termed___ a.arete b.cirque c.horn d.tarn |
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Definition
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Term
| The shallowest portion of the ocean is found along the margins of continents in regions termed___ a.abyssal plains b.continental rises c.continental shelves d.continental slopes |
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Definition
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Term
| When the sea level rises, the ocean may invade a river valley, producing a nearshore body of water of mixed and variable salinity termed___ a.atoll b.lagoon c.estuary d.jetty |
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Definition
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Term
| The geometry of sand dunes is strongly influenced by___ a. the presence of vegetation b.the consistency of wind direction c.the abundance of sand d.all of the above |
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Definition
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Term
| Valleys carved by glaciers tend to be shaped like the letter___, whereas valleys carved by water tend to be shaped like the letter___ a."V"; "U" b."V"; "C" c."U"; "V" d. "V"; "I" |
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Definition
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Term
| Desert climate associated with a rain shadow is found___ a.on the windward (shoreward) side of coastal mountain ranges b.on the leeward (inward) side of coastal mountain ranges c.in the middle of flat plains d.along continental coastlines |
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Definition
| b.on the leeward (inward) side of coastal mountain ranges |
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Term
| Material through which water readily flows is termed___ a.fluent b.porous c.permeable |
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Definition
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Term
| Turbulent flow in streams develops because___ a.as discharge increases, laminar flow cannot be maintained b.friction causes discharge to be lower on the sides of a channel than in the center c.obstructions such as boulders ina channel create eddies d.all of the above |
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Definition
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Term
| Braided streams___ a.consist of a series of intertwined channels that are overloaded with sediment b.have flowing water either episodically or during a portion of the year c.have a channel that is highly sinuous (curvy) d.only exist in desert landscapes |
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Definition
| a.consist of a series of intertwined channels that are overloaded with sediment |
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Term
| This type of moraine forms along the side of a glacier. a.end b.medial c.recessional d.lateral |
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Definition
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Term
| Perched water tables occur___ a.above the regional water table, within permeable rock or sediment b.in regions where pumping and over use of water resources lowers the regional water table c.below the regional water table, within permeable rock or sediment d.only in desert regions |
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Definition
| a.above the regional water table, within permeable rock or sediment |
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Term
| Permeable rock or sediment that is above the water table is exposed at the ground surface represents___ a.aquitard b.confined aquifer c.unconfined aquifer d.unsaturated zone |
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Definition
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Term
| A rock that has been abraded by windborne particles on multiple faces, forming a sharp edge in between, is termed___ a.blowout b.ventifact c.wadi d.caldera |
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Definition
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Term
| A layer of rock or sediment with exceptionally low permeability is termed___in hydrogeologic context. a.aquitard b.confined aquifer c.unconfined aquifer d.unsaturated zone |
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Definition
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Term
| An angular peak surrounded by three or more bowl-shaped depressions formed by a mountain glacier is termed___ a.arete b.cirque c.horn d.tarn |
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Definition
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Term
| The slope of a stream bed measured at some point along its course is the___ a.base level b.floodplain c.stream gradient d.trunk |
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Definition
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Term
| With the increased amount of information that has been discovered in recent years, scientists have become increasingly certain that___ a.earth's climate is not warming to any significant degree b.earth's climate is warming due to variation in solar output; human inputs of atmospheric greenhouse gases have not had a significant influence c.earth's climate is warming, and human inputs of atmospheric greenhouse gases are most likely responsible |
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Definition
| c.earth's climate is warming, and human inputs of atmospheric greenhouse gases are most likely responsible |
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Term
| Within a meander, where is sediment most likely to be deposited? a.on the outer banks of the meander b.on the inner banks of the meander c. uniformly to either side of the meander |
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Definition
| a.on the outer banks of the meander |
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Term
| La nina: ___in water circulation. a.increase b.decrease |
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Definition
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