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Definition
| changing the physical form of rock |
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| breaking down of rock's chemical compostion |
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| any information that comes to us by our 5 Senses |
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| best guess based on what you know |
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Objective measurement- same for everyone
Subjective measurement – personal opinion |
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| summary that answers the hypothesis with reasons |
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| a group of related proven hypotheses |
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| a group of related proven theories |
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Definition
- conclusion drawn from an observation
(A round smooth rock found in a garden probably abraded by running water.) |
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Definition
- a device that extends the use of our senses
balance for mass
ruler for distance
thermometer for temperature |
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Definition
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| a mathematical combination of basic units |
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| - amount of “matter” in a substance |
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| - amount of space a substance occupies |
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| - the average Kinetic energy (motion)of the molecules in a substance |
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Definition
length - meters
mass - grams
time - seconds
temperature - degrees |
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Definition
speed - meter/second
acceleration - Meter/second2
weight - newtons = Kilogram*Meter/second2
volume - liters or Meters3
area - meters2
density - mass/volume or grams/centimeter3 |
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Definition
Kilo (K) 1,000 1 x 103
Hecto (h) 100 1 x 102
Deca (Da) 10 1 x 101
Unit |
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Definition
Prefix smaller than 1
Unit 1 1 x 100
Deci (d) .1 1 x 10-1
Centi (c) .01 1 x 10-2
Milli (m) .001 1 x 10-3 |
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| Metric trivia to memorize: |
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Definition
1 ml = 1 cm3
1 Liter = 1 dm3 |
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| How many types of metric conversions? |
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Definition
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Definition
% error = |your value - true value| x 100 true value
True value = accepted value
Your value = measured value |
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Definition
Number form using 1 integer then a decimal and any remaining numbers times10 to some power.
Ex. 1.63 x 104 |
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Definition
Predictable
Sunrise/sunset , tides, seasons |
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Definition
Non-predictable; events
Earthquakes, daily weather, Volcanic eruptions |
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Definition
| a boundary between to different regions |
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Definition
– no movement
A sign hanging on a wall is in static equilibrium |
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– balanced movement;
When a river erodes as much as it deposits the total net change is zero. However both processes do cause changes. |
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| Can be found in all 3 “spheres” |
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| Population relationship (related to pollution) |
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Definition
| The greater the population, the more pollution. |
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Term
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Definition
y = mx+b formula for a line
m = slope
b = y intercept |
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Term
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Definition
independent (x) variable
the variable that you are free to choose
x Axis |
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Definition
dependent (y) variable
the variable that is fixed due to choice
y Axis
Ex. Watermelon splat experiment |
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Term
| How do you calculate slope of a line? |
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Definition
Calculation - Slope = change in rise change in run
Slope = D rise D run
Slope formula = (y2 - y1) (x2 - x1)
gradient = Slope = D field value Distance
see reference tables |
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Term
| What evidence is there that the Earth is Round? |
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Definition
1 pictures from space (satellites)
2 star positions (Polaris = north star)
Angle of Polaris = Northern latitude degrees
3 ship masts on the horizon
4 shadows of earth on moon (eclipse)
5 gravity measurements the same all over
Best model of earth is a ball because it is not oblate by much.
6 Oceans
Oceans cover 75% of the earth’s surface
When compared to the thickness of the Earth, the oceans are “tiny puddles” on the surface
Skin of an onion. |
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| Oceans cover what % of the Earth's surface? |
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Definition
| Oceans cover 75% of the earth’s surface |
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Term
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Definition
| Circumference = distance around a circle |
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Term
| What is the equation for the circumference of a circle? |
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Definition
C = 2 p r (r = radius)
(p=pi=3.14) |
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Term
| What are the layers of the atmosphere? |
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Definition
Atmos-(the air)- the air layers (largest)
troposphere
stratosphere
mesosphere
thermosphere |
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Term
| What is a "sphere" of the atmosphere? |
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Definition
“sphere” of the Atmosphere
areas that have similar properties |
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Definition
| Litho-(the land)- 72-153 km. |
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Definition
| Hydro-(the water)- 75% of surface (Smallest) |
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Term
| In the atmosphere, what is a "pause?" |
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Definition
“pause” of the Atmosphere
blend of the properties between two spheres |
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Term
| With regard to maps, what is a coordinate system? |
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Definition
Coordinate system
method of locating places on the earth |
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Term
| What is the latitude of the equator? |
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Definition
| Equator – 0 degrees Latitude |
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Term
| What is the longitude of the Prime Meridian? |
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Definition
| Prime Meridian - 0 degrees Longitude |
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Term
| What is the longitude of the International Date Line? |
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Definition
| International Date line - 180 0 longitude |
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Term
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Definition
| Hemisphere = “half of a sphere” |
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Term
| Describe the path of the Sun in our sky |
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Definition
| Sun Rise in East, Set in West, tracks in the southern sky |
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Term
| In our northern hemisphere, the noonday shadow points in what direction? |
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Definition
| “noonday” shadows point north |
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Definition
| – the time of day when the sun is at its highest altitude in the sky. (around noon depending on location) |
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Definition
| Latitude shows degrees N or S from the equator. |
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Term
| What are lines of latitude called? |
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Definition
| Latitude lines are also called parallels |
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Term
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Definition
| Parallels are east to west circles around the Earth, parallel to the equator. |
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| What is the range of latitudes? |
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Definition
| Latitudes range from 0 and 90 degrees N or S of the Equator |
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Term
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Definition
| Longitude is used to measure degrees east and west of the Prime Meridian. |
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Term
| What are lines of longitude called? |
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Definition
| Lines of Longitude are called Meridians. |
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Term
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Definition
| A Meridian is a half circle that runs from the north to south pole. |
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Term
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Definition
The Prime Meridian runs through Greenwich England.
Right of the Prime meridian are East longitudes and Left are West Longitudes. |
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Term
| Know these time zone facts: |
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Definition
Time Zones:
The earth spins on its axis once every 24 hours
1 spin = 3600 of rotation
3600 of rotation / 24 hours = 150 per hour
There are 24 time zones on the earth.
Each zone is 150 of longitude in size. |
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Definition
| Fields- an area of space that has a similar property throughout |
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Term
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Definition
| Vectors – a value that has magnitude (number) and direction |
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Term
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Definition
Scalars - a value that has magnitude (number) only
40 knots |
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Term
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Definition
“Iso” Lines:
Isotherms – lines of same temperature
Source --> Sink (Flow go High to Low)
Isobars - lines of same pressure
Contour Lines - lines of same elevation |
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Term
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Definition
Contour Lines - lines of same elevation
Topographic maps.
Use Map Scales
Close together Steep Cliff; far apart gentle slope. |
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Term
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Definition
| When contour lines are far apart, the land is fairly level. |
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Term
| Contour lines close together |
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Definition
| When contour lines are close together the land is very steep. |
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Term
| What are closed circles on a topo map? |
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Definition
| Closed circles or ovals at the end of a rising series of contours show the tops of hills. |
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Term
| Know these rules for reading topo maps (contour lines): |
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Definition
Contour line Rules:
“Iso” Lines never cross
“V” Shaped contour lines point upstream because of erosion.
upstream leads to source of stream
downstream leads to mouth of stream |
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Term
| What do topo map contour lines tell us? |
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Definition
| the exact height above sea level is known |
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Term
| What is the "gradient" of a location on a contour (topo) map? |
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Definition
| The average slope or gradient between any two points of a sloped surface can be determined from a contour map |
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Term
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Definition
Azimuth – compass direction 0 – 360 degrees
0 0 = North, 90 0 = East, 180 0 = South, 270 0 = West |
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Term
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Definition
| Altitude – the angle above the horizon 0–90 degrees |
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Term
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Definition
| Zenith – the highest point overhead 90 0 |
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Term
| What is the Geocentric model of the Earth in our universe? |
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Definition
– the earth as the center of the universe
Old view ; not correct |
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Term
| What is the Heliocentric model of the Earth in our universe? |
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Definition
– the sun as the center of the solar system
Correct model |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| How fast does the Earth rotate? |
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Definition
| The earth rotates 15 degrees per Hr. |
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Term
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Definition
| – the earth orbits the sun |
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Term
| 1 Earth orbit around our Sun = ? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the real-actual cause of the Earth's seasons? |
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Definition
| THE TILT OF THE EARTH CAUSES SEASONS! |
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Term
| Know two proofs (forms of evidence) that the Earth rotates on its axis: |
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Definition
1)Foucault Pendulum –Pendulum turns 15 degrees per hr
2)Coriolis effect –In the northern hemisphere, winds are deflected to the right |
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Term
| What is one type of evidence that the Earth revolves around the Sun. |
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Definition
| Different star patterns are visible during the different seasons due to the direction that the earth faces at night |
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Term
| What is the Summer Solstice? |
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Definition
| Summer Solstice - “summer extreme” –June 21 –Longest Sunlight |
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Term
| What is the Winter Solstice? |
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Definition
| Winter Solstice - “winter extreme” –December 21 –Shortest daylight |
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Term
| What is the Vernal Equinox? |
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Definition
| Vernal Equinox - “spring equal day and night” –march 21 –12 hrs day and 12 hrs night |
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Term
| What is the Autumnal Equinox? |
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Definition
| Autumnal Equinox - “fall equal day and night” –September 23 –12 hrs day and 12 hrs night |
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Term
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Definition
| Day and night are equal for both the Northern and Southern hemisphere during the autumnal equinox and vernal equinox. nThe position of the Sun affects how directly sunlight strikes Earth. |
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Term
| Where is the Sun during the Summer Solstice? |
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Definition
| The summer solstice, the Sun is directly overhead at the Tropic of Cancer (23.50 N latitude) |
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Term
| When does the Summer Solstice occur? |
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Definition
| Occurs June 21, the daylight is the longest of the year for the Northern hemisphere. |
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Term
| Where is the Sun during the Winter Solstice? |
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Definition
| The winter solstice, the sun is directly overhead at the Tropic of Capricorn.(23.50 S latitude)_ |
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Term
| When does the Winter Solstice occur? |
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Definition
| Occurs December 21, the daylight is the shortest of the year in the northern hemisphere. |
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Term
| Where does the Sun rise and set on the days of the Equinoxes? |
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Definition
| On the 2 equinox the sun rises exactly in the east and sets exactly in the west |
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Term
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Definition
| Farthest Distance from the sun |
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Term
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Definition
| Closest distance from the sun |
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Term
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Definition
| Closest distance from the sun |
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Term
| "Apparent Size" of the Sun or Moon in the sky: |
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Definition
| –The sun looks bigger in the Winter because it is closer to Earth –The sun looks smaller in the Summer because it is farther from Earth nThe sun does not really change size; it just looks that way –The moon looks larger when it is closer to the Earth –The moon looks smaller when it is farther from the Earth nThe moon does not really change size; it just looks that way |
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