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Definition
-Naturally occurring
-Inorganic solid
-Ordered internal molecular structure
-Definite chemical composition |
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| A solid aggregate of minerals |
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| Breaks along a flat plane of weak bondage |
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| Silicon and Oxygen, comprise most rock-forming minerals. |
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| More potassium, sodium, and calcium |
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Magma crystalizes over a temperature range of several 100 degrees
-Minerals crystalize in a predictable order
-Last minerals to crystalize are very different in composition than earlier minerals. |
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| Beds, most common formation of sedimentary rocks |
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| Separate strata, a feature of sedimentary rocks |
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One of two types of sedimentary rocks. Sediment brought together by weathering, not chemical.
-Conglomerate
-Sandstone
-Shale/Mudstone |
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| A Detrital Sedimentary rock, coarse, with large particles |
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| A detrital sedimentary rock. Medium sized particles |
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| Detrital sedimentary rock. Very fine particles |
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One of two types of sedimentary rock. Formed by changing chemical composition.
-Coquina
-Fossiliferous Limestone |
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Definition
| Sedimentary chemical. Visible shells and shell fragments loosely cemented. |
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| Chemical sedimentary. Various size shells and shell fragments cemented with calcite cement. |
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| Produced from pre-existing rocks, recrystalized structure due to changes in physical/chemical conditions through heat and pressure. |
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| Contact/Thermal metamorphosis |
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Definition
| Occurs near a body of magma. Changes driven by rise in temperature. |
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Definition
Directed pressure and high temperature during mountain building process changes rock. Most common.
-Confining pressure
-Differential stress |
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| Metamorphic rock's minerals in a parallel alignment, minerals perpendicular to compressional force |
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| Contain equidimensional crystals. Resembles a coarse-grained igneous rock (won't have the lines in it like foliated metamorphic rocks) |
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Definition
| Repeated freeze and unfreeze of water in cracks of rocks |
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| Weathering--slabs of rock peel away due to reduction in pressure when overlaying rock is eroded away |
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Definition
-Frost wedging
-Unloading
-Biological activity |
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Definition
-Alters internal structure of minerals by removing/adding elements
-Water most important part of chem weathering |
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Definition
| Geomorphic process of movement of rock and soil downslope due to gravity |
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| How steep a slope/stream is |
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| Process that cements sediments together into sedimentary rock |
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| Water saturated surface materials behave as a fluid-like mass. |
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| Ability of a stream to erode and overflow transport materials. Determined by velocity |
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| Shape, size, roughness of stream channel. Helps determined streamflow. |
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| Volume of water moving past a given point in a certain time |
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Definition
| Wide, shallow channels move more slowly than semi-circular channels because of the ration between volume and frictional drag. |
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| Semi-circular, more velocity in the stream. White water rafting |
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Transported material
-Dissolved load
-Suspended Load
-Bed load |
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Definition
| Max load a stream can transport |
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| Indicates max particle size a stream can transport. Determined by stream's velocity |
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| Body of sediment where a stream enters a lake or the ocean |
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| Formed when river flows out of banks due to increased drag |
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Stream Valleys, U shaped.
-Downward erosion less dominant
-Stream energy is directed from side to side forming a floodplain |
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| Land area that contribues water to the stream |
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| Imaginary line separating one basin from another |
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| Most common stream pattern |
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| Drains in a radius off a volcano |
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| Drains on a flat plain surface generally of the same mineral |
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| Flat plain with rocks of different hardness |
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Definition
| Serves as an erosional agent by dissolving/creating sinkholes and caves. Largest reserve of freshwater for humans |
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| Zone of aeration/unsaturated zone |
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Definition
| Pore spaces in material mainly filled with air. |
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Definition
| Pore spaces in material filled with water |
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Definition
| Surface depressions ormed by dissolving bedrock and cave collapse. |
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| Thick mass of ice that originates on land from accumulation, compaction, and recrystalization of snow. |
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Definition
Occur in mountains areas
-Flow down a valley from an accumulation center at its head
-Exit mountain range onto broad lowlands, where they are no longer laterally confined |
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Definition
| -Ice flows out in all directions from one or more snow accumulation centers |
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Definition
| Occurs within the ice. Ice in upper zone of fracture carried piggyback style |
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| Entire mass slipping along ground. Most common |
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| Some glaciers exhibit extremely rapid movements |
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Definition
| Glacier--More snow falls each winter than melts each summer |
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| Glacier-- All snow from previous year melts along with some glacial ice. |
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| Breaking off of large pieces of ice |
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| Created when large pieces calve from the front of a glacier after it reaches a body of water |
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Caused by:
-Warming phases after little Ice Age
-Increase in atmospheric greenhouse gases |
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Definition
| Glacial erosion--Lifting up of rocks |
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| Glacial erosion--Rocks within ice act like sandpaper smoothing the surface below |
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| Large boulders transported by glaciers and dropped hundreds of miles from their points of origin |
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| Grooves and scratches left on rock surfaces by the enormous traction force of glaciers |
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| U shaped glacial valleys drowned by rising sea level |
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Definition
| Refers to all sedmients of glacial origin |
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Definition
| Glacial drift-- Material that is deposited directly by the ice |
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Definition
| Glacial Drift-- sediments laid down by glacial meltwater |
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Definition
| Landforms made of till, product of erosion and deposition of glacier |
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Term
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Definition
-Smooth, elongated parallel hills
-Steep side faces direction from which ice came
-Occur in clusters called drumlin fields |
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Term
| Indirect effects of Ice Age Glaciers |
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Definition
-Forces migration of animals and plants
-Changes in stream courses
-Rebounding upward of crust in former centers of ice accumulation
-Worldwide changes of sea level
-Climactic changes |
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Definition
| Crust under pressure of glacial ice depresses |
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Definition
| Crust shifts back into place when glacial ice is removed |
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| Changes in climate over past several hundred thousand years appear to correlate with varations in geometry of Earth's orbit around the sun |
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Definition
| shape of Earth's orbit varies |
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Definition
| Angle of Earth's axis changes |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
| Earth's orbit shifts every hundred thousand years, gradually changing from circular to elliptical |
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Definition
Transportation of sediment by wind
-less capable than water of picking up and transporting materials
-not confined to channels and can spread sediment over large areas |
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Definition
| Significant depositional landforms are created by wind in some areas |
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Definition
| Mounds or ridges of sand, often asymmetrical |
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| Blankets of windblown silt, often found in deserts and glacial outwash deposits |
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