Term
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Definition
| a (1) well-diagnosed group of (2) reptiles that have an (3) erect/upright posture that (4) lived in the land or trees |
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Term
| Kinds of postures in four-legged vertebrates |
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Definition
1. sprawling = legs splayed, tummy drags on ground (like salamander)
2. semi-erect = legs splayed, tummy off the ground (crocodile)
3. erect = legs below body (mammals and dinosaurs) |
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Term
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Definition
| dinosaurs that are not birds - range in various sizes |
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Term
| Examples of dinosaurs inspring ancient myth |
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Definition
1. Griffin: lion boy with beak and wings (protoceratops)
2. dragons
3. giants |
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Term
| Three stages of Dinosaurs studies |
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Definition
1. Victorian England (early 1800's)
2. Golden Era of Discoveries (1870-1930)
3. Dinosaur Renaissance (1970's-present) |
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Term
| Non-dinosaurs that are similar to dinosaurs |
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Definition
1. ichtyhosaurus (fish+lizard marine reptile)
2. Pterosaur (wing+lizard)
3. Plesiosaur (marine reptile)
4. Dimetrodon |
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Term
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Definition
(early 1800's)
Reconstructions of dinosaurs were poor; dinosaurs were viewed as giant dumb, slow lizards.
William Buckland, Gideon & Mary Mantells, Richard Owen, Benjamin Waterhouse Hawkins |
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Term
| Golden Era of Discoveries |
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Definition
(1870-1930)
REconstructions of dinosaurs were much better (had complete skeletons instead of just a few bones), but dinosaurs still viewed as giant dumb, slow lizards.
Edward Drinker Cope (E.D. Cope), Othiniel Charles Marsh (O.C. Marsh), Roy Chapman Andrews |
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Term
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Definition
(1970's-present)
Dinosaurs now viewed as smart, agile, possibly warmblooded creatures (at least most of them) that are more birdlike than lizardlike. |
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Term
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Definition
anatomist
first to realize that fossils are the remains of once-living creatures
illustration of Megalosaurus bone
observation that tongue-stones were fossilized shark teeth and not petrified snake tongues
THREE LAWS OF RELATIVE DATING:
1. original horizontality
2. lateral continuity
3. superposition |
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Term
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Definition
first scientific description of a dinosaur
interpreted as a giant, extinct lizard |
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Term
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Definition
Described and named Iguanadon
Reconstruction based on an Iguana (misplaced the spike on nose - should be thumbs) |
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Term
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Definition
Coined the term dinosaur (terrible lizard)
recognized that dinosaurs had features that set them apart from other animals |
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Term
| Benjamin Waterhouse Hawkins |
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Definition
artist
produced first reconstruction of dinosaurs
for World Fair and Great Exhibition |
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Term
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Definition
Terrible rivals
worked independently on dino fossils and the "Great Dinosaur Rush"
used spies
Discovered many of the complete skeletons in N. America including Stegosaurus, Diplodocus, Triceratops, Brontosaurus |
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Term
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Definition
Expeditions in Central Asia, Gobi Desert and China and Mongolia
Found Velociraptor
and Nests and eggs |
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Term
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Definition
argued that birds are a kind of dinosaurs
professor at Yale |
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Term
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Definition
Ostrom's student
argued that many dinos were more like birds - fast, agile and warmblooded |
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Term
| What is the difference between a regular hypothesis and a scientific hypothesis? |
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Definition
| Scientific hypotheses make falsifiable predictions meaning that they can be proven wrong |
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Term
| In what Era did non-avian Dinosaurs live? What periods? How many millions of years ago? |
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Definition
They lived in the Mesozoic Era
the Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous periods
Appeared ~230 million years ago
Extinct ~65 million years ago |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| How did our views of dinosaurs change from Victorian times to today? |
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Definition
| In the Victorian Era, dinosaurs were considered slow, lazy, dumb, big lizards and now we know that they were more fast, smart, agile and maybe warm-blooded |
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Term
| What was earliest Earth's atmosphere like? Could we have breathed the air? |
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Definition
| The earliest Earth's atmosphere had no oxygen and a lot of greenhouse gases like methane that kept the planet warm. At one point it is believed that the Earth was entombed in ice. |
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Term
| For what (approximate) percentage of Earth History have animals been around? |
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Definition
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Term
| Land plants appeared before animals T/F |
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Definition
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Term
| In what kind of rock are you most likely to find dinosaur fossils? |
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Definition
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Term
| Why can't we use C-14 to date really old rocks? |
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Definition
We can't use C-14 to date really old rocks because if the rocks are really old then there will be almost no C-14 left (not enough for machines to measure accurately)
Instead use something with way longer half-life Uranium-238 |
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Term
| Why can't we use Uranium-238 decay to date really young rocks? |
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Definition
| Uranium's half-life is 4.5 billion years old so the decay wouldn't be detectable in young rocks |
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Term
| Four steps of the scientific method |
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Definition
1. observations
2. hypothesize
3. predict
4. test predictions |
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Term
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Definition
| a hypothesis that has been tested over and over again and has yet to be disproven |
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Term
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Definition
| firm belief in something for which there is no proof |
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Term
| Making a fossil (process) |
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Definition
1. Death
2a. Decay
2b. disarticulation
3. Burial
4. Changes after burial |
|
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Term
| permineralization vs. replacement |
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Definition
permineralization: some minerals are put in spaces of bones and fossils - makes fossils heavier
replacement: bones may become replaced; original bone material dissolves and are replaced by different minerals |
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Term
| relative vs. absolute dating |
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Definition
relative dating is knowing the age of fossils relative to the age of other fossils or rocks
absolute dating: knowing age of rock in years |
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Term
| body fossils vs. trace fossils |
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Definition
body fossils: actual remains of organisms
trace fossils: record the behavior of the animal, such as trackways or footprints |
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Term
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Definition
| the use of fossils to tell time *** |
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Term
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Definition
English surveyor who invented biostratigraphy
use of biostratigraphy in fossil succession |
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Term
| 5 laws of relative dating |
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Definition
1. original horizontality - rock layers are originally laid down horizontally, if we see them at a tilted angle the tilting happened after they were laid down
2. lateral continuity - rock layers are laterally continuous. if you see two identical outcrops on either side of a river valley these outcrops used to be continuous with each other and the river later cut through them
3. superposition - younger rocks are laid down on top of older rocks
4. The law of cross-cutting - rock that cuts across another rock is younger than the rock it cuts across
5. The law of fossil succession - there is a unique sequence of fossil species through time |
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Term
| Why is there a unique sequence or succession of species in the fossil record? |
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Definition
| Because species are like human beings, they are unique individuals. they only live once and cannot be resurrected meaning that the time period when a species lived represents a unique moment in time |
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Term
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Definition
Scottish geologist considered as the father of modern geology
COINED IDEA OF UNIFORMITARIANISM: the same geologic processes that happen today also happened in the past
notion of deep time
the law of cross-cutting
"no vestige of a beginning, no prospect of an end..."
realized that a lOT of time must have been involved in the (a) deposition of those no vertical rocks; (b) their lithification; (c) their uplift; (d) their erosion; (e) the deposition of the additional layers on top; (f) their lithification and finally (g) the exposure of the whole sequence above water |
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Term
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Definition
| the idea that the same geologic processes that happen today also happened in the past (JAMES HUTTON) |
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Term
| The law of fossil succession |
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Definition
| there is a unique sequence of fossil species through time because species are unique and are indicative of the unique time frame in which they lived |
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Term
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Definition
atoms that have the same number of protons but different number of neutrons;
stable isotopes: isotope doesn't change over time; no radioactive decay
unstable isotopes: isotope will ultimately undergo spontaneous radioactive decay |
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Term
| Parent vs. Daughter isotope |
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Definition
parent isotope: an unstable radioactive isotope
daughter isotope: the stable isotopes resulting from the decay of a parent |
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Term
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Definition
| the time required for one-half the radioactive nuclei in a sample to decay |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| knowing the absolute age of rocks in years; based on the regular radioactive decay of certain isotopes (most commonly c-14) |
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Term
| implications of fossi succession |
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Definition
1. biostratigraphic zonation - because there is a unique sequence of fossils through time, we can use fossils to subdivide time. That's why we have eons, eras, periods, and epochs. (the boundaries between the periods and eras are usually defined by the first or last appearance of a particular species)
2. correlation - because any fossil can be placed uniquely in time, rocks that hose the same species must be the same age (within the range of the species' existences) - can patch together relative-age time scale! |
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Term
| What to look for when looking for fossils |
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Definition
1. the right type of rock: sedimentary
2. the right time period - late triassic through late Cretaceous
3. the right paleo-environment - look in terrestrial environments because dinosaurs lived on land
4. areas with good exposure - not jungles!! |
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Term
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Definition
| the process of turning into rock |
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Term
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Definition
upwelling mantle erupts at the mid-ocean ridges
new crust moves away from the ridges
at trenches sea-floor dives back into the mantle |
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Term
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Definition
switching of magnetic force. rocks lock in magnetic signal so through rocks we know when there has been magnetic reversals
black = normal like today
white = reversed rock |
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Term
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Definition
uncanny fit between the continents
distribution of flora and fauna - mesosaurus, glossopteris, lystrosaurus
geologic evidence for distribution of ancient glaciers |
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Term
| Why not correlate based on type of rock? (Lithostratigraphy) |
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Definition
| because rocks can look similar but are vastly different in age |
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Term
| How do you correlate rocks from different places/continents? |
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Definition
biostratigraphy
accurate because law of fossil succession |
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Term
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Definition
rigid lithosphere (crust) moving over ductile athenosphere (mantle)
mantle is pushed outward (sea-floor spreading) and also forced back under (subduction)
most plates have continental AND oceanic crust |
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Term
| clues of sea-floor spreading at ocean floor |
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Definition
new thinner crust around mid-ocean ridges suggest that new materials have been pushed up and outward;
new ocean floor has been formed at ridges |
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Term
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Definition
1. divergent - moving apart from each other
2. convergent - moving towards each other
3. transform - moving laterally along side each other. |
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Term
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Definition
plates moving away from each other; divergent boundary on continental crust may be a new point of sea-floor spreading
new rocks formed, shallow earthquakes, volcanism
East African Rift Valley |
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Term
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Definition
plates moving towards each other; creates subduction zones where oceanic plate gets pushed under continental crust.
shallow and deep earthquakes, volcanism
Himalayas |
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Term
| Marine magnetic anomalies |
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Definition
magnetic patterns of sea floor
sea floor has different zones of rock by trench with different magnetism
candy-cane pattern |
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Term
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Definition
earthquakes but no volcanism
ex. San Andreas fault |
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Term
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Definition
continents break apart into pieces and drift away but always end up joining back together (after a very long time)
- ocean crust gets subdued by continental crust which closes an ocean basin and closes in to make a supercrust
INFILLING OF MESOZOIC RIFT SYSTEM A GOOD WAY TO FIND DINOS |
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Term
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Definition
continental lithosphere stretches and start to break
pressure of magma below pushes forward
volcanic activity and deposits of igneous rock
if rifting continues long enough, continental lithosphere breaks apart completely (ex: Africa and N. America Modern Rift Vally in East Africa) |
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Term
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Definition
| a group of interbreeding organism |
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Term
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Definition
descent with modification to the species;
change in organism through time and the diversification of living things |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| splitting of lineages; one species splits into two species over time |
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Term
| Evolution vs Natural Selection |
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Definition
These are two different things!!!
Evolution is a pattern and a process
Natural Selection is a mechanism that explains the process of evolution |
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Term
| How does natural selection explain/shape evolution (components of natural selection) |
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Definition
1. variation: random genetic variations that come from various sources (i.e. DNA variation)
2. selection: different survival and reproduction fates; not everybody survives; not everything reproduces; can occur by hunting and predation; survival in harsh climates
3. inheritance: what traits gets passed on to next generation; heritablity |
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Term
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Definition
nature is not controlling the breeding, it is controlled by man
(ex. the domesticated wolf became the dog)
1. variation
2. breeder selects who breeds with whom |
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Term
| Natural selection in action (examples) |
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Definition
1. rabbits in Australia - population control built a immunity to the lethal mutation
2. drug resistance in humans
3. beetles
4. herbicide resistance in weeds |
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Term
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Definition
|
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Term
| cladograms & their components |
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Definition
branching diagrams, phylogeny, evolutionary trees
taxa - tipes of trees, biological groups
node - where lines meet, common ancestor
internodes - lines/branches, lineages
ONLY NESTEDNESS MATTERS (SEQUENCE OF BRANCHING)
look for shared derived traits or evolutionary novelties |
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Term
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Definition
| closes relative (shares most recent common ancestor) |
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Term
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Definition
'higher' taxa (groups of species
species = "binomial nomenclature" "genus, species" |
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Term
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Definition
| more recently we've gotten rid of the ranks in linnean hierarchy, but kept hierarchy |
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Term
| Examples of characters (shared traits) |
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Definition
1. physical features (wings, backbones, feathers, etc.)
2. behavioral features (maternal care, nursing)
3. biochemical features (DNA or protein sequence)
4. absence of features (used sparingly) (lack of legs in snakes, loss of tails in apes) |
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Term
| Homologous characters (types of homologous characters) |
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Definition
traits are similar because they were inherited from common ancestor (may indicate relationship)
1. derived character - evolutionary novelty; diagnostic feature; present ONLY in members of that group; evolved in the immediate ancestor - only way to determine relationships others are misleading
2. primitive homologous character - not diagnostic; developed much earlier (like fingers in humans and bats and frogs) |
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Term
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Definition
similar traits but NOT inherited through a common ancestor thus not indicative of relationship
superficially similar, similar because of similar function
evolved independently in evolutionary history
(ex. wings in butterflies and birds) |
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Term
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Definition
a character might be an evolutionary novelty for one group and a primitive character for another; it's all relative
sometimes characters are secondarily lost, character has been lost in a taxon, the taxon is still part of the group.
ex. loss of legs in snakes but they are still considered tetrapods |
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Term
| monophyletic vs. paraphyletic groups |
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Definition
monophyletic groups = include ancestor and ALL descendants; also called CLADES; diagnosed by the presence of shared evolutionary novelties; also called natural groups
paraphyletic groups = ancestor and some descendants; based on the absence of evolutionary novelties; all share certain primitive characters but are not unique; all lack evolutionary novleties
ex. dinosaurs is a monophyletic group and non-avian dinosaurs is a paraphyletic group |
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Term
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Definition
vertebrates and close kin primitive features:
1. notochord (stiffened rod along back) - allows efficient locomotion
2. gill slits (filaments and bony arches) - functioned in filter feeding then switched function to respiration
3. tongue bone = hyoid (vestiges of gill slits) |
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Term
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Definition
living jawless, boneless vertebrates
cartilaginous skeletons, limited in how they obtain food.
parasitic; attach their circular mouths to the sides of other fishes and suck their blood |
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Term
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Definition
living jawless, boneless vertebrates still alive today
use a rasping 'tongue' to scrape away chunks of decaying flesh from carcasses.
slime eels |
|
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Term
| vertebrates bone types and definitions |
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Definition
1. endochondral bone: starts out as cartilage (flexible in nose ears) then gets calcified
2. dermal bone: 'bone on skin' plates and scales - form directly as bone |
|
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Term
| endochondral vs dermal bones in humans |
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Definition
1. dermal bones = collar bone, roof of skull
2. endochondral bone = vertebrae, ribs, arms, legs, jaw; skeleton not fully developed until age 25 |
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Term
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Definition
earliest vertebrates; 'shell-skinned'; internally cartilaginous
vertebrates that lack jaws, bone on outside of bodies, filter feeders |
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Term
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Definition
jawed vertebrates; evolutionary novelty: jaws
jaws derived from gill arches; 2 sets of gill arches become jaws:
1. anterior set rotates forward to become jaws
2. posterior set acts as 'fulcrum' on which = bones that stabilize jaws
TRANSFER OF FUNCTION OCCURRED IN GNATHOSTOMES (gill arches --> jaws) |
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Term
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Definition
early, extinct gnathostomes;
dermal skeleton;
teeth are not 'real' teeth but extensions of dermal armor |
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Term
|
Definition
1. chondrichthyes (sharks + rays) - lack true bone: cartilaginous skeletons (teeth; vertebrae are mineralized, but also not the same as true bone)
2. osteichthyes (bony vertebrates) - novelty: air bladder homologous with human lungs |
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Term
|
Definition
1. ray-finned fishes - around 25,000 modern species; "ray-fin" made of membrane strengthened by small spines
2. fleshy-limbed vertebrates - fleshy fin = lobes of muscle and bone; homologous with our arms and legs |
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Term
| Fleshy-finned (or limbed) vertebrates 2 groups: |
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Definition
1. lungfish and coelacanths
2. tetrapods |
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Term
|
Definition
they have adaptations that suit them to life on land
lungfish can survive by burrowing down into mud and making a cocoon
can survive for brief periods out of water - breathing air with their lungs
have true lungs
lungs are homologous with swim bladder - transfer of function |
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Term
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Definition
live in deep water, off shore environments these environments ultimately get destroyed through subduction which explains their disappearance from the fossil record LIVING FOSSIL
fleshy-limbed --> coelcanths/lungfish & tetrapods |
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Term
| Challenges to life on land |
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Definition
1. gravity - support
2. locomotion
3. sensory reception |
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Term
| Tetrapods + evolutionary novelties |
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Definition
Tetrapods include amphibians, reptiles (including birds), and mammals
1. vertebrae with struts - provide support; vertebrae with interlocking struts keep backbone from collapsing; solution to challenge of gravity
2. four limbs - solves challenge of locomotion and provides support; bones in limbs evolved to become weight supporting; all tetrapods are evolved from an ancestor with same limb construction
3. hip & shoulder girdles - (pelvis, shoulder blades, collar bones) helps address challenges of locomotion and provide support; attach limbs to vertebral column, critical to support and locomotion of the body on land; early vertebrates had girdles as part of their skull
4. stapes - hearing and sensory reception; bony bridge that carries sound vibrations from the outside to the inner ear where vibrations are turned into neural impulses; recycled jaw support structure from second gill arch |
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Term
| transfer of function of gill arches |
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Definition
| from filter feeding to respiration (feeding + respiration) |
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Term
| tetrapod limb construction |
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Definition
upper arm/thigh bone
forearm/calf bone
carpals (wrist bone)
metacarpals (palm bones)
phalanges (fingers and toes) |
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