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| the use of birds to divine the will of the gods. |
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| a celebration where men often times get naked and pull pranks; that same ceremony where Remus was arrested, causing Romulus to have to kill the king Amulius. |
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| a position created by Romulus which twelve men fill: one of a body of attendants on chief magistrates, who preceded them carrying the fasces and whose duties included executing the sentences of criminals. |
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| a position created by Romulus which one hundred men fill; they were the first of the patricians, which is why their name means "father" control treasury |
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| solemn festival in honor of Neptune, that same ceremony where Romulus watched over the rape of the Sabines. |
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| period in between kings, as in between Romulus and Numa Pompilius, where the 100 senators ruled in turn, switching off every five days. When each senator ruled, they had the lictors attend to them. This period did not last long, since the citizens did not like being ruled by 100 people. |
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| the one senator who rules between official kings during the five days of the interregnum. |
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| a position created by Numa Pompilius, the first of whom was Numa Marcius, whose appointee would oversee religious observances, speicfying all details about sacrifices and money, and had the right of final decision in all observances public and private, including consultation. |
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| created by Servius Tullus, the place where the census was to be taken |
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| the sacred space around the wall which was to be unpolluted by man |
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| (in the ancient Roman republic) one of a number of elected magistrates charged chiefly with the administration of civil justice and ranking next below a consul. |
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| symbols of authority inherited from the Etruscans. |
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| a combination of cultural rites put together in the Tages (a sacred book of the prophets) that aid down Etruscan religion |
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| Etruscan Inflluence on Roman Architecture |
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| 1. construction of temples, 2. town planning, 3. arrangement of tombs |
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| day of birth, April 21 753 for Rome |
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| great sewer emptying into the Tiber |
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| division of three tribes of Rome |
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| group divisions of 100 men for census purposes |
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| a kind of divination with birds that signals what time a thing is to occur |
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| member of the plebian class who can veto anything passed by the senate |
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| 4, curators of customary games, market and city |
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| household deities in figurine form |
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| protective deities for men - usu. personal, but some public |
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| Feast of Pales, taks place on April 21 |
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| Etruscan priests who interpret and divine |
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| exclusive use or enjoyment |
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| amount of money for personal use given to children or slaves |
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| "magistrate in ancient Rome," probably originally "one who consults the Senate," from consulere "to deliberate, take counsel" deal with public affairs |
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| Livy is stylicstic, and consciously so. He is verbose, and was popular in his own time, even though his life was particularly uneventful in a time of great events. He published 142 books, 3/4 of which were lost to time. Livy is an inaccurate historian; he chooses between disagreeing authorities, he is vague about numbers, he didn't understand war, never having visited battlefields, he doesn't understand politicas whatsoever and cares not for original documents. Varro was not included in his accounts - Varro provided archaeological researches. Livy has been accused of purposeful falsification of history. He tends to interpret ancient history in light of modern ideas. However, his writing is amusing, instructive, heart-warming, noble, passionate, romantic, and innocent. Livy's writings arose from patriotism and the idealization of the past to show Rome in a virtuous light. |
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| The Founding of Rome: Romulus and Remus |
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| Troy falls, and the Greeks continue to hold up hostilities against them all, save Aeneas and Antenor. Antenor founded Troy and Aeneas founded Lavinium. The Troy area of Aeneas and the Latins fell into a war. Rutuli, leader of the Etruscans, backs up the Latins when their leader, Latinus, dies. Aeneas dies in the march against the Etruscans. Aeneas's son Ascanius was the next in line for power, but Lavinia the widow acted as a reagant until he would come of age to rule. Ascanius left Lavinium to found a new settlement on the Alban hills - Alba Longa. There was a long line of succession leading to the brothers Amulius and Numitor. Numitor was supposed to be the ruler after his father, but Amulis strong armed him out of his rule, killed all of his male children, and forced his daughter, Rhea Silvius, to become a Vestal virgin. Despite Amulius's attempts to keep Numitor's line out of power, he ended up raping Rhea Silvius, who then had twins, Romulus and Remus. When the children were born, Rhea Silvia was thrown into jail and the twins were ordered to be drowned. Those charged with carrying out this task took into consideration that the Tiber was flooded, so they left the twins on the banks, figuring that the flood waters would rise and do their work. The waters, however, rededed, and legend tells that a she-wolf, hearing the cry of the babes, approached and fed them. This location is where the Ruminal fig tree grew. Faustulus found the babes, and gave them to his wife Larentia to nurse. They boys grew up nobly, and the father was always suspicious that they were nobility. At the Arcadian Evander, a celebration, the boys were celebrating and got themselves into trouble through someone's prank. Romulus was not arrested, but Remus was. Faustulus told Romulus that they were royalty abandoned by Amulius, and they killed the king and got Remus out of trouble. These actions were explained to the general populace, and they knew the boys were telling the truth. Romulus and Remus were suddenly struck with the feeling that they should found a settlement, so they decided to use augury, or the use of birds for divination of the purposes of the gods. Romulus took Palatine and Remus took Aventine. The first one to see a sign was Remus, who saw six vultures, but Romulus saw the sign directly after, and there were twelve vultures. It was undecided whether the earliest was the correct one or whether the one with more irds was correct. The people divided and called each one king, It is told that Remus angered his brother in a quarrel, or perhaps he jumped over the wall that Romulus was building. Whatever the case, Romulus ended up killing Remus, and therefore Romulus named the city Rome, after himself. |
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| Romulus - the first king of Rome (April 21, 753 - 716) |
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Romulus began by fortifying the Palatine. He made sacrifices to the gods in the Herculean style. After having dealt with religious duties, he gave his new city law and a unified body politic. He created twelve lictors, which was a tradition in Etruria. Rome was expanding quickly, especially as he opened his doors to runaways and vagabonds, anyone who wanted a new start. He also created 100 senators. The next thing that occured was that there were plenty of men, but not enough women, so during the Consualia, Romulus invited the sabine women over, and so the rape of the sabines occurred. The Sabines and others who were present revolted, but Romulus put them in their place, and increased the population by taking in the Sabine women. Next came the attack of the men of Fidenae, who wanted to nip Rome in the bud. Veii then caught the war bug and raided the countryside. These defeats increased the respect deserved to Rome, as well as the population. Romulus had a mysterious death, and was believed either to have been taken up to heaven or ripped apart by senators.
- warlike founder of Rome, Rape of the Sabines |
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| With Romulus dead, the senate knew not what to do. The interregnum occured, and the people did not like this, so they chose Numa Pompilius, a man known for his sense of justice and piety, to lead the people. |
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| Numa Pompilius - the second king of Rome (716 - 673) |
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The first of the Sabine Kings. The gods were consulted through augury, and Numa was found to be suitable to take the succession after Romulus. Numa was unrivaled in the cadidacy anyways. He wanted to bring the people together and give them a second beginning through law and religious observance. He built a temple to Janus, and brought Rome into a time of peace. To keep the city's moral fiber in check during this relaxation, Numa put the fear of gods in the people by pretending to meet with the goddess Egeria. Divided the calendar into 12 lunar months, set "lawful" and "unlawful" days, appointed priests and virgin priestesses and a tax to fund them, introduced Salii, or Leaping Priests who served Mars Gradivus, created the position of pontifex. Eventually, Numa kind of just died.
- peaceful, religious, divided the calendar |
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| Tullus Hostilius - the third king of Rome (674 - 642) |
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Following a brief and much more ordered interregnum than the first, this grandson of the Hostilius who fought the Sabines took power. He had more of a lust for action than even Romulus. Tullus starts war with the Albans because he is bored, essentially, and thinks Rome is boring. With the death of the leader of the Albans, Cluilius, he became even more driven to battle and ventured further into Alba. This is where, eventually, the line was drawn and the two cities decided to settle the dispute with the triplets of Horatii and Curiatii. Rome was victorious, and Horatius, the last remaining brother of the Horatii, slew the lover of one of the brothers Curiatii, was tried for treason and found innocent because of public popularity. Peace with Alba did not last long, and Veii joined their numbers to fight against Rome. Rome used successful tactics, and added to their population the Alban people, after drawing horses and quartering their leader Mettius. Alba literally fell, and the weeping populace was transferred into Rome. Tullus then decides on war with the Sabines. After victory comes the falling of stones on the Alban Mount, and both the Alban people and the Romans are urged to be more focused on religion. Tullus attempted to perform a ritual to Jupiter, was incorrect, and was struck by lightening and killed in the resulting fire.
-ambitious, bloodthirsty, Alba and the triplets, Sabines at Mantrap Wood |
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| Ancus Marcius - the fourth king of Rome (642 - 617) |
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The people, aided by the senate, chose this Ancus Marcius as their fourth king. He was a little bit of Numa and a little bit of Romulus. The people hoped for another Numa and another peaceful era after Tullus, and they got what they wanted. Despite peaceful intentions, Ancus did create a new religious observance; that is, he made it necessary that war be formally declared unto the gods, namely Jupiter. He left religious matters mostly to the priests and attacked Latin Politorium. These peoples increased the population of Rome once more. With the growth of the city and the population, crime increased, and so Ancus had a prison built in the center of the city above the forum.
- Numa and Tullus, war and religion, Latins, prison |
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| Lucius Tarquinius Priscus - the fifth king of Rome (616 - 579) |
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During this time, Lucumo settled in Rome, he who was married to Tanaquil. His hat was taken off his head and replaced once more by an eagle - this was seen as augury, and when they reached Rome, Lucomo took the name of Lucius Tarquinius Priscius. He made himself indispensable to the current king, Angus, and becomes the king by overwhelming popular vote, despite the fact that he is essentially a foreigner. He was a man of outstanding character and nobility. He started off his rule right, campaigning against the Latins as kings have been known to do, and held opulent ceremonies, such as the Circus Maximus. The Sabines attacked him, and he expanded the cavalry and burned a bridge, defeating the Sabines. He then campaigned against the Ancient Latins, was successful, and peace ensued. This peace was a civic and a busy peace, however, full of industrious people. The people refortified the city and fixed temples.
-eagle, Latins, Circus Maximus, Sabines and the bridge, ax-to-skull death |
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| Servius Tullius - the sixth king of Rome (579 - 535) |
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As a young boy, Servius Tullus was sleeping, and his head burst into flames. Because of this, he was treated and educated as a prince. He was held in great respect, even as a child. Angry sons of Ancus wanted to kill Tarquinius because they thought that they were the rightful heirs, and they split the skull of L. Tarquinius Priscus, effectively ending his rule and getting caught in the process. Tanaquil gave Servius the throne, not allowing word of Tarquinius's death to leave the palace. She claimed it was only a flesh wound, and he could continue his rule. But for now, she said, Servius would fill in for him. Servius attempted to concrete his rule, but suspicions and intrigue arose. However, a brief war with Veii and his absolute victory ensured him the throne. He created the census, dividing the population into classes and centuries. He shifted financial burdens off the shoulders of the poor and onto those of the rich. Anyone who avoided the census would be killed. rome flourished at this time, and Servius cultivated friendship with the Latin nobles. Rome became the capital city of Italy. The wicked murderers of Tarquinius are still bitter, and have married, but they kill their partners and marry the other. Servius lived in danger of Tullia and Tarquinius Superbus. Tarquinius rose in popularity, eventually taking the seat of the throne and summoning senators himself. This angered Servius, and Tarquinius physically threw him out of the house where he was killed by Tarquin's assassins, effectively ending his rule. Tullia brutally abused his corpse on the way to meet the new king.
- combustible head, intrigue with Tanaquil, census, humanity and justice |
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| L. Tarquinius Superbus - the seventh and final king of Rome (534 - 509) |
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| Otherwise known as Tarquin the Proud, this was the final king of Rome. He refused Servius the right of burial and ruled by fear, punishing, exiling, and even killing perfectly innocent people. He consulted the Senate often on matters of state. He married into Latin nobility and eventually called a conference with the Latin leaders of society at the Grove of Ferentina, where Turnus Herdonius the eloquent troublemaker blasphemed Tarquin and even shot remarks to the king's face, leaving the conference immediately. Tarquin then framed Turnus and had him executed to instill fear in the Latins as well. Sextus went to Gabii where he denounced Tarquin his father and was welcomed. He led an attack on Rome from the side of the Gabii. Tarquin executed all the influential me of Gabii, and the community moved into the hands of Tarquin. He then had auguries and made peace with Etruria and the Aequians. He then became very concerned with renovating the temple of Jupiter. Brutus and Tarquin went to the oracle at Delphi to consult her concerning a snake in the palace of Jupiter. Brutus kissed the earth and was destined to rule. Sextus raped Lucretia, after she was determined to be the most beautiful of the wives, and she wrote to her father in Rome. He came and she told him who was guilty and killed herself. Her body was paraded into town, and Brutus spoke publicly, removing his mask and denouncing the king. The crowd grew furious and, let by Brutus, they assassinated him. Following this, Lucius Junius Brutus and Lucius Tarquinius Collatinus were elected as the first consuls. |
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