Term
| Prince Henry the Navigator |
|
Definition
| (1394-1460): Portugal takes the lead in European expansion when it explores the coast of Africa under his sponsorship. He wanted a Christian Kingdom as an ally against the Muslims and more trade for Portugal. In 1419, he created a school for navigators in Portugal. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| (1450-1500). He was a Portuguese sea captain who rounded the Cape of Good Hope (southern tip of Africa) in 1488. He then returned (did not reach India as hoped). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| (1460-1524): Portuguese sea captain. In 1498 he commands a fleet that rounds the cape of good hope and stops at multiple ports with Muslim merchants on the East Africa coast.He then crossed the Arabian sea and reached India in May 1498. He found no Christians, but returned to Portugal with spices. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A royal official who runs a colony in name of the King. The Spanish used viceroys in their new colonies in the New World. The viceroy was the king's chief civil and military officer. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| (1451-1506). An Italian explorer. He tried to reach Asia by sailing west instead of around Africa. Queen Isabella (Spain) gave him money for his voyage. His ships= Santa Maria, Nina, and Pinta. In 1492 he reached the Bahamas/Cuba and Hispaniola. He returned to the New Land three times (1493, 1498, 1502), and consistently thought he reached the Indies in Asia. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1480-1521. Explorer. In 1519 he sailed through the strait at the southern tip of South America (named after him) and across the Pacific Ocean. He reached the Philippines and was killed by natives. He is associated with the first known circumnavigation of the Earth. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Spanish administration system for the Americas. Queen Isabella took away power given to Columbus and the conquistadors and established direct royal control. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Mexico, Central America, Caribbean islands. Ruled under viceroys of the Castilian crown. The center= Mexico City (Tenochtitlan, capital of Aztec empire conquered). |
|
|
Term
| A New Era of Commercial Capitalism |
|
Definition
| Spain comes to the New World for trading and to take over the civilizations. All of Europe is trying to explore and find faster and better routes to trading. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| (1562-1598). Civil wars where the French Kings (catholic) tried to prevent the spread of Calvinists (Huguenots), but had little success. This was also followed by the political factors. People resented the growing monarchial powers and were only too happy to revolt against the monarchy (especially nobles!). The wars turned into a large constitutional crisis. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1547-1559. He was Catholic. When he was killed in a tournament (accidentally), his weak sons followed him on the throne. Two were dominated by their mother (Catherine de' Medici). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Next to the Valois in the royal line of succession. They ruled the southern French kingdom of Navarre. Many people in the House of Bourbon became Huguenots (Calvinists). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| French Calvinists. They came from all levels of society, but about 40-50% of the nobility became Calvinists. Although Huguenots only were about 10% of the population, they were very well organized. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The duke of Guise massacred a peaceful congregation of Huguenots in 1562 and started the war. Also, the Guise family led the Ultra-Catholics. They had the loyalty of Paris and they could recruit large armies. They also had support from the Papacy and the Jesuits because they were strongly Catholic. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The extreme Catholic party. They favored strict opposition to the Huguenots. Led by the Guise family.When Catholic Catherine de' Medici tried to make religious compromises to release the political tension, they were unwilling to make concessions. Also, they form a "Holy League" in 1576 to exterminate heresy and put Henry, Duke of Guise, on the throne. They were not successful. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A group of moderates in France who placed politics before religion. They did not think that any religion was worth the blood-shed of the civil war that had occurred. They eventually won, but only after both sides had lost a lot of men. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A bourbon ruler of Navarre. He was the acknowledged ruler of the Huguenots and he married the sister of the Valois King (Charles IX) to attempt and reconcile the Catholics and Calvinists. He survived the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre by promising to turn Catholic. Later, he returned to Calvinism and joined with Henry III to destroy the Catholic Holy League.He then took the throne, but shortly after converted back to Catholicism. When he was crowned in 1594, the French Wars of Religions ended. |
|
|
Term
| St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre |
|
Definition
| The marriage of the sister of Charles IX (the Valois king) and Henry of Navarre was supposed to reconcile many of the hard feelings between Catholics and Calvinists. However, the Guise family persuaded the king (and Catherine de' Medici) to eliminate the Huguenots who were attending the wedding. Massacre takes place on August 24, 1572, but turns into violence that plagued Paris for three days. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1588-1589. The turning point in the conflict. The ultra-Catholics and their Holy League wanted to place Henry, duke of Guise, on the throne instead of the ruling king Henry III. Henry (Guise) was paid by Philip II of Spain and seized Paris, making Henry III grant him the position of Chief minister. Henry III assassinated the Guise, then joined with Henry of Navarre to get rid of Holy League and take back Paris. They were successful, but Henry III was assassinated in 1589. Henry Navarre now took the throne, but converted to Catholicism. End of war. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1598. Acknowledges Catholicism as the official religion in France, but says Huguenots can worship in select places. They were also allowed to keep a certain number of fortified towns for protection. Also, Huguenots can now hold public office. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| (1556-1598): "The Most Catholic of Kings." He is driven by a heritage of "crusading fervor," he and the Spaniards see themselves as a nation divinely chosen to save Catholic Christianity from Protestants. He tries to enforce Catholicism in Spanish Netherlands (which ends in revolts). He also attempts to invade England with the Spanish Armada (unsuccessful). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Philip II ofSpain plans to invade England. He wants to return them to Catholicism. He prepares a fleet of Spanish Warships to go across the English Channel and invade. It was a disaster for the Spanish, and while the English and Spanish continued to fight for 16 more years, this defeat meant England stayed Protestant for the time. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1571. A fleet of the Holy League defeated the main fleet of the Ottoman (Turkish) empire when they tried to encroach into the Mediterranean sea.. It was a decisive victory and is put down to Philip II's crusading madness (keep the Muslims out of Cyprus, etc.). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1533-1584: Also called William the Silent. He was one of the leaders of the Dutch revolt against Philip II's attempt to unify, centralize, and Catholocize the Netherlands. William wanted to unify all 17 provinces, which occurred with the Pacification of Ghent in 1576, but the religious differences were too much and they split. Later, when the southern provinces agreed to Catholic and Spanish rule, William organized the Northern states into a Protestant Union called the Union of Utrecht. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The Northern Dutch-speaking states of the Netherlands that resisted Catholic and Philip II's rule. The struggle between the north and south in the Netherlands continued until 1609 when a 12 year truce ended the war and recognized the independence of the northern provinces (the United Provinces). Soon= Dutch Republic. Spanish recognize as independent in 1648. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Daughter of King Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn, she took the throne after the death of her half-sister Queen Mary in 1558. Her religious policy= moderation and compromised. The Catholic acts of Mary were repealed, and the Act of Supremacy was passed (see card). Her Act of Uniformity restores the Book of Common Prayer with some edits to make it more appealing to Catholics. She also worked well with Parliament. |
|
|
Term
| The Act of Supremacy of 1559 |
|
Definition
| This says that Elizabeth I is "the only supreme governor of this realm, as well in all spiritual or ecclesiastical things or causes, as temporal." Elizabeth's usage of this instead of "supreme head of church" was an attempt to not upset Catholics, who viewed the pope as the supreme head of the church. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The term first appeared in 1564, used to describe Protestants in the Anglican church who wanted to get rid of everything Catholic in the Church of England. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A period of economic growth followed by a crash. This was the type of economy right before the 30 years' war. |
|
|
Term
| joint-stock trading company |
|
Definition
| A business entity owned by shareholders. The English were the first colonizers to use these. In 1600, Elizabeth I granted an English Royal Charter to the East India Company for trading. These companies were used a lot during the colonization period. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| (1618-1648): A war that started out as a struggle between Catholicism and Calvinists, but turned more political as it went on. The fighting mostly took place in the HRE. Some view it as essentially between the Bourbon (French) and Habsburg (Spain/HRE). It has four phases. |
|
|
Term
| The failure of the Peace of Augsburg |
|
Definition
| The Peace of Augsburg (1555) awarded Lutherism equal standing with Catholicism. Princes were allowed to choose the religion for their states. It failed, however, because there was no central government to enforce it. Also, it did not acknowledge Calvinism. The failure of the Peace of Augsburg was one of the long-term causes of the 30 years' war. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| (1618-1625): The first phase of the 30 Years' War. The Bohemian estates accept Habsburg Archduke Ferdinand as King, but he just tries to re-Catholicize everything, which angers the nobles. Ferdinand is deposited. After the defenestration of Prague (where the nobels through 2 Habsburg governors out of a window in Prague in 1618), they replace Ferdinand with Frederick V. Ferdinand, meanwhile, become HREmperor and refuses his deposition. In the end, Ferdinand is reinstated as king and he reestablishes Catholicism as sole religion. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1625-1629: The second phase of the 30 Years' War. King Christian IV of Denmark is Lutheran and leads an army into Germany. Albrecht von Wallenstein= Ferdinand (HRE)'s new commander. Christian IV is defeated y Catholic league and Wallenstein. It is the end of Danish Supremacy in the Baltic. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1629. Issued by Emperor Ferdinand II in the height of his power. Prohibits Calvinist worship and restores all catholic property. This scares a lot of princes, though, and they react by forcing the emperor to dismiss Wallenstein. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1630-1635: The third phase of the 30 Years' War. Gustavus Adolphus= King of Sweden. He sweeps the Imperial forces out of the North and moves into the heart of Germany. The Imperial side gets desperate and recalls Wallenstein. At the Battle of Lutzen (1632) the Swedes prevail, but their king is killed. They are then defeated by the imperial army and driven out of Southern Germany. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1635-1659: The French enter the war under Cardinal Richelieu. By this point, the religious issues are losing significance. This part of the war (France v. Spain) continues until the PEace of Pyrenees in 1659. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1648. All German states are able to determine their own religion. Ends the 30 Years' War. Wants to establish a 'friendly neighborhood.' It includes: amnesty, religious tolerance, particularism, and the balance of power diplomacy. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1642-1651. The two sides are essentially the king (crown/cavaliers) vs. the Parliament (people/roundheads). A few of the issues were where power came from (King says God, Parliament says people), and who is subject to the laws (is the king?). The long-term causes= multiple kingdoms (trying to rule both Scotland and England the same way), religious division, and financial pressures on the crown. The direct cause of fighting was when King Charles I tries to arrest 5 members of parliament. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Becomes King of England in 1603 after the death of Elizabeth I. He is the first of the Stuarts. He is from Scotland and rules both countries as if they are the same (they're not). He believes in the Divine right of kings (kings= supremest thing on earth). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1600-1649. He became king in 1625, after James I. He has a hard time dealing with Parliament and quarrels with them a lot. He eventually decides not to call them into session, but for money, he has to tax the people. He introduces Ship money. (This was already a tax on coastal cities, but now he applies it to the whole country.) When Charles tries to impose the book of common prayer on the Calvinist Scots, they get angry. Charles needs money for his army, so has to call Parliament. Parliament responds with the Grand Remonstrance (a list of complaints to Charles), and civil war ensues. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Rules 1685-1688. King of England. Catholic. He is against the Test Act and names Catholic people to high offices anyway. Once he has a son who is also Catholic, people get worried (they don't want any more catholicism). William of Orange comes in and invades England. Then William and Mary take over. James flees to France. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1599-1658. English military and political leader. He was one of the leaders of the New Model Army of Puritans and helped defeat the forces of King Charles I and the monarchy. He was commander in chief of the army when England was pronounced a commonwealth, and he had to deal with a Catholic uprising in Ireland. He also dispersed Parliament by force in 1655. He became Lord Protector and had executive power in England. He divided the country into regions that were ruled by military governors. After his death in 1658, England eventually reestablished the monarchy with Charles II. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Part of Parliament's success in the first phase of the English Civil War. This was composed mostly of extreme Puritans= Independents. They believe they are doing battle for the Lord. One of the rulers= Oliver Cromwell. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The 53 members left in Parliament after the Presbyterian members were purged. They tried and condemned the king and beheaded him in 1649. They were later dispersed by Oliver Cromwell. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| "Hammer of the Witches." This book was written in 1486 by Heinrich Kramer on the persecution of witches. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Emerged in Italy in the 1520s-1530s. This technique reflected the anxiety, uncertainty, and suffering in Italy and tried to break down the High Renaissance ideals of harmony, balance, and moderation. People deliberately distort rules of proportion to make an atmosphere of anxiety and confusion. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1541-1614. Domenikos Theotocopoulos was an artist who epitomized mannerism (see card). He was from Crete, but studied in Venice and Rome and moved to Spain. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The movement after mannerism. It started in Italy in the late 16th century before spreading to the rest of Europe. Embraced by Catholic reform movement. Wanted to bring together classical ideals of Renaissance art with spiritual feelings of religious revival. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1577-1640: an artist in the Baroque period. He was important in spreading Baroque from Italy to the rest of Europe. He created intense emotions with contrasting light and dark, violent motion, etc. One painting= "The Landing of Marie de' Medici at Marseilles." |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1598-1680: Italian architect and sculptor in Baroque period. He completed St. Peter's Basilica at the Vatican and the vast colonnades around the piazza. One sculpture: "Ecstasy of St. Theresa". |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1533-1592: A writer in the French Renaissance. He popularizes the essay as a genre. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1564-1616: He wrote numerous plays and sonnets as well as acting. His plays were performed in theaters such as the Globe and Blackfriars. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1562-1635: A spanish playwright. Like Shakespeare, he was from the middle-class. He wrote 1500 plays. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1547-1616: Spanish novelist, poet, and playwright. He had a large influence on the Spanish language. |
|
|
