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| form of monarchy in which ruler’s powers are absolute |
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| denial of the possibility to prove there is or is not a God |
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| adjective referring to the Church of England |
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| : beliefs, practices and doctrines of the Church of England |
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| Queen of Great Britain (England and Scotland united) 1702-1714; last Stuart to rule |
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| Varangian practice whereby an inheritance is divided among all sons (compare to primogeniture |
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| the hereditary, titled class of European land-owners whose members were known as nobles |
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| new paper currency issued by the revolutionary French National Assembly |
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| belief that there is no God. |
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| form of absolutism in Russia; one ruler with unlimited power |
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| medieval royal fortress in Paris used as a prison in 1789 |
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| victory of the English and their allies in War of the Spanish Succession |
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| Swedish victory over Russians in Great Northern War |
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| Russian victory over Swedes in Great Northern War |
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| act by British Parliament in 1689 establishing constitutional monarchy and civil rights |
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| highest of the three ranks of Anglican, Catholic and Orthodox clergy |
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| liturgy and doctrine for Church of England’s rites and ceremonies |
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| royal family of French kings from Henry IV to 1830 |
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| French term for the middle class |
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| most important land-owning nobles in Russia |
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| Russian Tsar 1598-1605; brother-in-law of Tsar Fedor |
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1792 warning by Austria and Prussia that France would be punished if Louis XVI and his
family were harmed by revolutionaries |
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| eastern half of the Roman Empire remaining after the fall of the western half |
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| another name for the Byzantine Empire |
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| beliefs based on teachings of John Calvin |
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| a believer in Calvinism or name for any member of a church based on Calvinism |
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| title given Catholic bishops who advise the Pope and elect new popes |
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| a commoner, second wife of Peter the Great, followed him on the Russian throne 1725-1727 |
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| wife of Tsar Peter III who deposed him & ruled as Tsarina of Russia 1762-1796 |
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| English Parliament 1661-1679 under Charles II |
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| King of England and Scotland 1660-1685, son of Charles I |
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| King of Sweden 1660-97, military commander in Great Northern War |
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| Holy Roman Emperor 1711-1740; father of Maria Theresa and author of the Pragmatic Sanction |
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| series of laws by England’s Cavalier Parliament to suppress religious dissenters |
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Enlightenment view of the universe as a clock wound up by God and left to
run as a machine governed by the laws of physics |
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| COMMITTEE OF PUBLIC SAFETY |
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committee under Robespierre given dictatorial powers by the National Convention to
carry out the Reign of Terror |
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| nickname for England’s House of Commons |
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| English nonconformists who considered each individual congregation autonomous |
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| capital of the Byzantine Empire conquered by Turks 1453, then capital of Ottoman Empire |
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| : a form of limited monarchy |
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| another name used for the National Convention in France 1792 |
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daughter of Emperor Charles VI; ruled Austria 1740-1765 then ruled jointly with her son Joseph II
1765-1780 |
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| Queen of France (an Austrian princess), wife of Louis XVI, executed in the French Revolution |
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| head of Russian Orthodox Church until 1589 when assumed title Patriarch |
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| Russian Tsar elected in 1613; first member of the Romanov Family to reign |
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| form of government with a hereditary head of state holding life tenure |
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| Asian conquerors of Russia in 1200s |
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| French political philosopher and author of Spirit of the Laws |
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| name for Russia under Moscow’s rule until late 1600s |
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named assumed by Third Estate 1789 when it transformed itself into an assembly representing all
three “estates” in France and vowing to write the first French Constitution |
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French parliament elected 1792 replacing Legislative Assembly for the purpose of
transforming France from monarchy to republic |
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| English physicist and author of Principia |
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| Russian Patriarch whose reforms caused schism of the Old Believers |
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| 1688-1697 Louis XIV vs. an alliance known as League of Augsburg |
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| : Protestants who refused to belong to the established Church of England; also known as Dissenters |
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| English clergyman who fabricated the Popish Plot |
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| Dutch family ruling the United Provinces (Dutch Republic) as Stadholders |
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| empire of the Ottoman Turks that included much of Eastern Europe |
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| members of Russian Orthodox Church who rejected reforms by Nikon |
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| land seized by Tsar Ivan IV the Terrible to be a separate Muscovy administered for him by supporters |
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| centralized government of the Catholic Church at Rome headed by the Pope |
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| bicameral legislative branch of England’s government |
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| loyalty to a small political division that is part of a larger unit (e.g. state loyalty in the U.S.) |
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| division of the Kingdom of Poland among Austria, Prussia and Russia in late 1700s |
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| head of Russian Orthodox Church after 1589; formerly had title Metropolitan |
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| group of peace treaties ending the War of Austrian Succession |
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| group of peace treaties ending the Seven Years War |
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| ended War of Spanish Succession |
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| Russian Tsar deposed in 1762 by his wife who then ruled as Catherine II the Great |
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| thinkers and writers of the Enlightenment in France |
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| individuals in France who believed religion should be separated from politics |
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| alleged Catholic takeover of England fabricated by Titus Oates resulting in public hysteria |
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| another name for the Church of England’s Book of Common Prayer |
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document by Charles VI seeking international recognition of his daughter Maria Theresa as his
successor to rule the Austrian Empire (but not Holy Roman Empire) |
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| practice whereby an inheritance passes to only the eldest son (compare to appanage) |
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| Austria’s outstanding general in War of Spanish Succession |
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| widespread revolt in southern Russian against Catherine II named for its peasant leader |
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| political belief that anything is justified if it accomplishes objectives of the state |
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| mass executions by Committee of Public Safety under Robespierre 1793-1794 |
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| : return of monarchy in England and Scotland in 1660 with King Charles II |
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| unpaid labor Austrian peasants were forced by law to perform for landowners |
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| ruling family of Russian tsars 1613-1917 |
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| Swiss-born philosopher and author of The Social Contract |
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| medieval French law that prevented a woman from inheriting the French throne |
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| laborers and working poor of Paris in the French Revolution |
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| any religious group, especially one that has separated from a larger group |
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| something worldly or unconcerned with religion or religious matters |
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| peasants in East Europe & Russia bound by law to provide part-time free labor to landowners |
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| practice established by law of using peasants (serfs) as free labor; similar to slavery |
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| 1756-1763 fought in Europe and overseas by Britain and France and their allies |
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| Turkish siege 1683 defeated by alliance headed by King John Sobieski of Poland |
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| Enlightenment concept that what cannot be proved by reason should not be believed |
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| title of book on political philosophy by Rousseau |
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| cavalry of the Ottoman Empire |
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| title of book on political philosophy by Montesquieu |
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| new Russian city built by Tsar Peter the Great replacing Moscow as Russia’s capital |
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| Tsars’ infantry (musketeers) from time of Ivan IV the Terrible until Peter the Great |
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| royal family of kings and queens ruling both England and Scotland 1603-1714 |
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| ruler (emperor) of the Ottoman Empire |
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| title used by French King Louis XIV whose “logo” was the sun |
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| 14 levels of service to government/army imposed on Russian nobles by Peter the Great |
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| Latin meaning “blank tablet”; name given John Locke’s theory of learning |
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| sworn by Third Estate 1789 not to disband until writing a constitution for France |
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| imprecise belief (similar to Deism) in one God as creator and preserver of mankind and the world |
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overthrow of Robespierre and the Committee of Public Safety 1794 by other members of
the National Convention |
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Russian Orthodox Church’s claim that Moscow had succeeded Rome and Constantinople as the
center of Christianity in 1453 with the Russian patriarch as head of all Christendom |
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| civil war in Russia, anarchy, and foreign invasions, from Boris Godunov to 1613 |
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| another name for the Popish Plot |
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| act by British Parliament 1689 establishing limited religious freedom |
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| one of England’s first two political parties (see WHIGS) |
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| King Charles II’s secret agreement with Louis XIV |
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| title of Russia’s rulers meaning emperor (sometimes spelled Czar) |
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| TWO TREATISES ON CIVIL GOVERNMENT |
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by John Locke, political theory, used to justify the
Glorious Revolution of 1688 |
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| Swedish Vikings who ruled much of European Russia 800-1200 during age of Kievan Rus |
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| royal family of Sweden’s kings and queens |
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| palace built by French King Louis XIV at village of Versailles outside Paris |
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| ruler in early Kievan Rus who forced Christianity on the Russian people |
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| French philosophe, the leading figure of the Enlightenment, author of the novel Candide |
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| WAR OF THE AUSTRIAN SUCCESSION |
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| 1740-48 Britain and allies vs. France and allies |
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| 1739-40 Brit.-Span. naval war, continued as part of War of Austrian Succession |
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| WAR OF THE LEAGUE OF AUGSBURG |
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| another name for the Nine Years War |
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| WAR OF THE SPANISH SUCCESSION |
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| 1701-1714 by Louis XIV against the Habsburgs and their allies |
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| pejorative name given the infant son born to England’s James II in 1688 |
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| one of England’s first two political parties (see TORIES) |
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| King of England and King of Scotland 1688-1702; ruled jointly with wife Mary II |
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| Dutch Stadholder who became England’s King William III in 1688 |
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| a Russian assembly similar to Spanish Cortes or French Estates General |
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