• Dura Europos
• Early Christian, Jewish, and Byzantine Art
• 4th- 5th Century
• With Decline of Roman empire, two religions emerged. Christianity and Islam. "Pompeii of the Desert= town" Both Christians and Judaism existed together, walls decoreated with biblical stones in old testament. Distant outpost of Roman empire called Europos by Greeks and Dura by Roman= town. Private hous transformed into a synagoge biblical stories appeared hear.
• Formed foundation of art and architechture for Middle ages. Murals are devoid of action, the artist tells stories through stylized gestures and expressionless faces (lack volume and shadow). Tempera on plaster. Exemplifies late Antique style. All religions lived peacefully together in homes. No grand design for churches yet.

• Christian symbolism
• Early Christian, Jewish, and Byzantine Art
• 4th- 5th Century
• Orant/praying figure- hands out asking for help. From paganism. More stylized, no contrapasstor pose, but the hands are larger. Make up a corss section of christian family seeking a heavenly afterlife
• Good shepherd- central medallion- christ is a good shepherd. Powers of salvation are underscored with juxtaposition in Jonahs story. Pagan calf beared offered his sheep in sacrifice to Athena. Loyal protector of christian flock. Sheep on shoulders show that it is one of the lost sheep that he has retrieved, sybolizing a sinner that has strayed and been rescued.
• Jonah and the whale- old testament prophet disobeyed Gods command. Lord caused a storm while he was at sea and jonah asked sailors to throw him overboard. Sea dragon swallows, but god answers prayers and monster spats him out after three days and nights, fortelling christ resureection. Contemplates the miracle of his salvatio and mercy of god.

• Sarcophagus of Junius Bassus
  • Early Christian, Jewish, and Byzantine Art
  • 4th- 5th Century
  • Roman official on death bed converted into christian. Has date on it and is carved in marble. Classical is the columns, arches, and pediments. Decorated on three sides in the western Roman manners. Christ appears in each compartment. 1- OTAbrahamam is sacrificing issac. (God sacrifice jesus) 2- Sait peter and paul, in middle is jesus. Triumphanltly enter Jerusalem on donkey. Abve- heavenly triumph. Adam and Eve show orginial sin of eating apple in garden of Eden-mchrist sacrifice for salvation of human kind. Entery in Jersualem is Daniel unscathed by flanking lions, saved by faith. Jode on heaps of dung, lady holds nost. Last= arrest of pault
  • Combination of old and new testament. Christi divinity and life as teacher and mirracle worker. Crucificxion is not on sarcophagus but alluded with Jesus being led by Pilate for judgment. Shows the conversion from Roman to Christian.

All relgiions can be practiced and all prosecutions stop

The Edict of Milan (Edictum Mediolanense) was a letter signed by emperors Constantine I and Licinius that proclaimed religious toleration in the Roman Empire. The letter was issued in 313, shortly after the conclusion of the Diocletianic Persecution.^[1]

Wherefore, for this our indulgence, they ought to pray to their God for our safety, for that of the republic, and for their own, that the commonwealth may continue uninjured on every side, and that they may be able to live securely in their homes.

• Early Christian, Jewish, and Byzantine Art
• 4th- 5th Century

• St. Peters basilica plan
  • Early Christian, Jewish, and Byzantine Art
  • 4th- 5th Century
• Constantine gave christians first church of st peters. Hold 140,000 peple and combo of basilica and martedown. built on top of st peter.= city of dead. (necropolis)
• Grand enterance w/ water fountain. Secular building form that becomes popular. not a temple, church outside of the city limits. aisle, nave, side aisles, aps (center where alter is, and has a trancept). wide central nave, with flanking aisles, and apse at the end. Open collonated courtyard- atrium, like the central room. Transept- transverseaisle. transect with nave and apse looks like a symbolism for christian cross

• Santa Sabina basilica plan
  • Early Christian, Jewish, and Byzantine Art
  • 4th- 5th Century
• nave, two side aisles, and an aspe. Construction of triumpahl arch taken from classical to christian. Retains basicila form but decorated with mosaics.
• Christ with Halo, makes him sun god helio. Has corinthian columns. Light drenches the nave and illuminates the fresoces and mosaic.

• Santa Constanza central plan
  • Early Christian, Jewish, and Byzantine Art
  • 4th- 5th Century
  • daugther of Constantine, her burrial place. Build in 350, earliest form of simple plan. Built outside the walls of rome and combo of ivy and grapes (wine). Building is part of eaqul dimensions around the cetner.
  • bottom stories harvesting the grapes, going to make the wine, and gathering to make wine. As if the naves were bent around a circle. Wine of Eucharist and blood of christ.  

• Early Christian, Jewish, and Byzantine Art
• 4th- 5th Century
• Early empire period= codex- much like modern book composed of sepearte leaves enclose w/in a cover and bound togt4her at one side.
• Rotulus- the long manuscript scroll used by Egyptians, greeks, etruscans, and romans.
• Parchment- made of lamsbskin, made better surfaces for painting and relplace brittle papyruse
• Vellum- calfskin, made better surfaces for painting and relplace brittle papyruse  
• Illuminatiion manuscripts- to adorn, ornament, or brighten; luxurious painted books produced bfore invention of painting press; very costly and sketching lines, then painting

•  “Rebecca at the Well” Book of Genesis
    
  • Early Christian, Jewish, and Byzantine Art
  • 4th- 5th Century
  • dyed purple, and the scripts are in precious material, velum or parchment. Illustration= classical. Book are calfskin dies with rich purple, and greek text is in silver ink. Story of Rebecca and Eliezer. When Isaac, Abrahams son was 40, parents sent servant Eliezer to find a wife for him. He chose Rebecca b/c when he stopped at awell, she was the first women to draw H20 for him and his camels.
  • Rebecca leaves the city of Nahor to fetch water fr the camels, Then she gives the water to ELiezer and camels. Nahor is a walled city seen from above. Reveca walkes along the well along avenue of Romana city. Seminude femal personification of a spring is the source of the well water.

• Justinian as world Conquerer

  • Early Christian, Jewish, and Byzantine Art

  ·         6th Century

• Triumphant image of Justinians new Rome. Carved in five parts. Center an emperor= Justinian, riding triumphantly on rearing horse, while half hidden barbarian recoils in fear behind him. Bottom of plaque are barbarians seeking clemency, juxtaposed with lion, tiget, elephant, and exotic animals. Left, soldier carries stature of Victory.  
• Dynamic twisting posture of horse and rider and motif of equestirain emperor= personify the bountiful Earth, below horse, and palm bearing Victory, flying in corwn of conquere. From pagan Roman empir. Source of emperors strength comes from god. Two angels holdingyouthful christ with cross in left hand, blesses Justinian with right hand.

• St. Michael Ivory
  • Early Christian, Jewish, and Byzantine Art

  ·         6th Century

• transition, clasical arch, w column. Depicts St. Micheal the Archangel, patron of imperia church of Hagia Sophia inscribed "recieve these gifts"
• holds orb of the world, has wings. Cross surmounted orb of power that the archangel offereed to Byzantine emperor. Pagan winged Victory. Drapery revewals body shape and has incised wings, Micheals feet rest on three steps at once, and body dwarfs architechtual setting. Seems to float in front of arch than to stand on it, rejects the 3D world.

• Constantinople: Hagia Sophia

  • Early Christian, Jewish, and Byzantine Art

  ·         6th Century

• Byzantiums greatest chructh. Most important monument, church of Holy Wisdom. Accomplishments of world architecture.
• Rivals panetaon, basilica of constantine, etc. Great dome dominates structure, huge butresses wre added and become a mosque. Light floods the interior, looks like golden chain from heaven. Radiance is generated from within. Light glitters in mosaic, shines forth from marvels, and seems to escape definiton. Has pendentive.

• Pendentives
  • Early Christian, Jewish, and Byzantine Art

  ·         6th Century

• takes square and puts a dome over it. placement of dome over a square, like in Hagia Sophia.Dome rests on a second, larger dome. Foure curved triangles, or pendentives are formed. Penditives join to form a ring an dfour arches whose planes bound a square.
• weight of the dome is transfered through the pendentives and arches to the four piers where the arches spring, instead of the walls. "Floating dome of Heaven" transfers weight from great dome to piers beneath instead of the wall. Impression of dome suspended above

• Early Christian, Jewish, and Byzantine Art

·         6th Century

• Greek architect, engineer, and mathematician. By order of Emperor Justinian and with the aid of Isidorus of Miletus, he built (532–37) the magnificent church of Hagia Sophia in Constantinople.
• Suceded in fusing two independent and mutually exclusive architechtural traditions, the vertically oriented central plan buidling, and longintudinatly oriented bascilica. Hagia Sophia= domed basilica
  

• San Vitale Ravenna
  • Early Christian, Jewish, and Byzantine Art

  ·         6th Century

• Youthful christ holds a scroll with seven seals and sits on orb of world at time of his second coming. Four rivers of paradise are beneath him and rainbow clouds above. Extends goldth wreath to Vitalis, martyr of Chrch. On other side is Bishup Ecclesisus who saw church foundations laid.

• Christ between two angels, Saint Vitalis, and Bishup Ecclesius. Decorate Choir and Apse. Holy ratification of Justinians right to rule. Express single idea of Christ redemption of humanity and reenactment of it in Eucharist.

• Justinian mosaics, Ravenna
  • Early Christian, Jewish, and Byzantine Art

  ·         6th Century

• Justinian stands on the saviors right side, united visually and symbolically by imperial purple and haloes. Justinian is accompanied by dozens of attendants, parallel christ 12 apostles.
• Undersores dual political and religious roles of the Byzantine empire. Lows of church, state, and God manifested in person of emperor, whose right to rule was god given. Position of figures show precedence and rank. Maximianus, on left is responisble for San Vitale completion. Emperor= participant in the sacred rites and symbol his rule of western empire.
• on opposite wall is Thodora, taking part in Euchairst. Rewrite law because she was an atresss. Her and Justinian never went o Ravenna, outside courtyard shows her rank was not quite equal to her consorts

• Evangelists symbols
• St. Matthew- saint
• St. Mark- Lion
• St. Luke- Ox
• St. John- Eagle

• Animal art and interlace
  • Early Medieval art in Europe

  ·         7th-9^th Century

• migration period of Dark ages, a lot of changing and moving. Combo of classical with germanic fomrs.
• Viking ship oost, interlae woodent portal of norway.
• Fibulae- small onrnamental, portable b/c of migration.Decorated pin that fastened garments of men and women with precious stones. Wealthy perople. Contain animal forms like fish below center, and eagles head with garnet forming the eyes.

• Viking wood carvings
  • Early Medieval art in Europe

  ·         7th-9^th Century

• art of vikings seen in wooden ships. Size of burial alone shoed the importance of those laid to rest there. Gracesfully curving lines

• Shows the dynamic energy, and head combines in one composition the image of roaring beast with portruding eyes and flaring nostrils. Shows gripping and snapping in serpentine fashion. Head is union of fundamental art of warrier lords on norther frontiers of Roman empire, animal form and interlace pattern

• Sutton Hoo burial ship: purse cover 

  • Early Medieval art in Europe

  ·         7th-9^th Century

• Cloisonne- enamel, decorated wtih enamel places, sodering small metal srip to a metal background and then filling the compartements with semiprecious stones or glass.
• man standing between two beasts, power of men over animals. heroes conquer horrific monsters. center groups are eagles attackign ducks. Above are interlace pattern and geometric designs. art form of the middle ages

• Cross and carpet page from Lindisfarne Gospel

  • Early Medieval art in Europe

  ·         7th-9^th Century

• interlace, can be compared to Rebecca. combo of Christian imagery and animal interlace. Several oranmental pages.
• Patterning and detail is very intricate and compact. Fantastic animals devour each other, curling over and writhing elastic shapes. The rhythm of expanding and contracting forms produces vivid effect of motion and change. Cross stablizes rhythm of serpentine and heightens effect of motion . Mazelike complexity.

• Chi -Rho -Iota (XPI) Page
• from: Book of Matthew Book of Kells

  • Early Medieval art in Europe

  ·         7th-9^th Century

• Book of ministry, illumination details and has faces and seals in it. first intials of Christ in Greek. Artifact from Ireland, decorated manuscripts. Shows the birth of christ. In this manner, christ was born. Extreme detail and work.
• There men, small squirrels, and seals. Shows interlace of animals. Seals were on isolated island, and the seals would bring fish to the men. Have viking/ angel head in them. Twisting and turning, part of Gospel Book. Rho ends in a mans head, knots and links

• High Cross of Muiredach, Ireland

  • Early Medieval art in Europe

  ·         7th-9^th Century

• free standing sculpture, combine art forms. cross has relief sculpture on it and the cross in in square, mounted on a base.
• inside of cross is the final judgment, most art is portable in Middle ages, this is and exception to the rule. easy to pick out because it has a circle that loops the four concave arms= celtic. More than 20 ft high and preside over burial grounds, freestanding and unatached to archtiectual fabric.

• Carolingian Art
  • Early Medieval art in Europe

  ·         7th-9^th Century

• One of the more important types of art created during this period was the illuminated manuscript. These manuscripts were picture books - literally. They told stories of the Bible through easy to understand pictures of humans who were shown in a somewhat realistic manner
• Charlemagne admired learning, the arts, and classic culture. Full page illumination shows the gospels at work. Illusionistic burshwork and color, not lines created shapes. merged classical illusionism into linear traditon

• Palace Chapel of Charlemagne: Aachen Germany

  • Early Medieval art in Europe

  ·         7th-9^th Century

• window will morph into Rose windows, this is where he would sit. Circular form wtih twin towers that were lookouts. Not like Ravenna, north south serparion. There were dinfinitves in marking and highly decoratvie. Impored porphyry columsn from Ravenna to adorn his chapel. The aachen chapel resembles San Vitale. Two towers flank the entrance portal.
• First steop toward dual tower facades in the west. A royal chapel. is a building of great historical, architectural and religious importance.its unique design was highly influential on German church architecture and it was a site of imperial coronations and pilgrimage for many centuries.

• Abbey Church of Saint Michael Hildesheim:Germany

  • Early Medieval art in Europe

  ·         11^th Century

• Carolingian-> Romanesque-> Gothic. Bernward was patron bishop that set the standard. Schematic shows twin towers and side enterenance. Bernward was tutor of OTTO III and build church, made this the center of learning. Has double transept plan, tower grouping, and westwork.
• built in tradition of modular style.
  --Roman-inspired rounded arches in the nave.
  --also Islamic-style red/white arches.
  --double-transept plan.
  --lateral entrances on north and south bring end to eastern orientation of basilica.

• Doors of Bishop Bernward
  • Early Medieval art in Europe

  ·         11^th Century

• Doors of St. Micheal, by Bishop Bernward. has bronze doors that dissappeared in the dark agest. Has10 panels with the life of christ and genesis. Had animals, in the mouth was the handle. Comic relief- Adam and Eve, she says not my fault it was the snakes (pushing blame). Left-Begins with the creation of Adam and ends witht he murder of Adam and Eve son Abel by his brother Cain. (top to bottom) Right- recounds the life of Christ, start with Annunciation and ends with terminating the appearance of Mary Magdalen after resurrection (bottom to top).
• Inspired by the column of Trajan, creates life of Christ, revives ancient traditon. Classical influence. Tell the story of original sin and ultimate redeption, expulsion of garden of Eden and path back to Paradise through christian church.  

• Column of Life of Christ : in st Michael
  • Early Medieval art in Europe

  ·         11^th Century

• Another example of large-scale bronze casting. Spiral column that is preserved intact. Seven spiral bands of relief tell the story of Jesus life in 24 scenes.

• Begining with baptism and concluding with entry into Jerusalem. Reads from bottom to top, like the Column of Trajan which was the model for this. Narratives unfold from right to left. Both doors and column lend credence to Ottonian emperors claim to be heir of Charlemagne

• Gero Crucifix
  • Early Medieval art in Europe

  ·         11^th Century

• in Germany. one of the few large carved pieces of artowwrk. Wood, carved, painted, and guilded. In Cologne Cathedral, 6ft tall. Blood streaks down forhead from missing crown, face contorted in pain, and body sags under his own weight
• First time extreme suffering of Christ is seen, sets standard for german expressionism. Realistic, painful. Revival of monumental sculpture. Both statue and reliquary (shrine for sacred relics). Most powerful rep. of intense agony

• Otto III Enthroned: Gospel Book of Otto III
  • Early Medieval art in Europe

  ·         11^th Century

• seek to outdo Byzantine emperors, linear, flat, design based, colorful northern art with Byzantine iconography and format, emperor holds orb and imperial staff (iconography of Christ in Majesty), Otto is clearly center of universe.
• holds scepter and cross inscribed orb, shows that he has universal authority. At side are chuch and state, aligned in his support.

• The Pilgrim's Journey
  • Romanesque Art

  ·         11^th-12^th Century

• need for penance, prayer. St. Diego comes along and its the Age of Faith. wants to make pilgramage from France to Spain for st. James, 1st tourguide book and Christian pilgrimage to Santiago took its symbol, the scallop shell. Template foor churches. Pilgramage to Santiago, four classic starting points.

• Romanesque Art

·         11^th-12^th Century

• huge, wider aisle, nave, and transcepts
• ambulatory- walkway behinds apse and radiating chapels, around the choir and three semicircular chapes
• it had something for everybody, saint relics to pray for wealth, help, etc.
• 5 aisles, ambulatory, fireproof construction and radiating chapel- houed the church relics

• Romanesque Art

·         11^th-12^th Century

• This page shows details of the tympanum, the arched area directly above the portal. Also illustrated with details on this site are the trumeau (the vertical supporting post between the leaves of a doorway), the jambs--on each side of the doorway, and the side walls, which are decorated with narrative sculpture.
• Typanum- semicircular lunette above the doorway proper
• Trumeau- center post supporting the lintel in the middle of the doorway

• St. Sernin Toulouse France

  • Romanesque Art

  ·         11^th-12^th Century

• Pilgramage church, in honor of st first bishop. H was tied to some furious and wild bulls and precipitated form height of citadel, brains fell out. Increased nave, doubled the side aisled, added transept, radiating chapel, and ambulatory
• Important stop on the pilgramage road through southwestern france to satniago de compostela.

• Portal Sculpture of St. Saint Lazare Autun

  • Romanesque Art

  ·         11^th-12^th Century

• Done by Gislebertus. Last Judgement. Christ comes back to earth to judge the living and the dead. Right hand Christ= good side, those judged are brought up. Left= unworthy and pushed down.Soul is being weight by the devil, christ in center. 4 evangelists are here.
• Separation of the blessed from the Damned. Right hand angel boost the blessed into the heavenly city, below the souls of dead are lined up to await fait. Cary bags with cross and shell, shows pilgims to Jerusalem and Santiago. One poor soul is plucked from the earth by giant hands. Angels and devils contest the scale, trying to weigh for or against the sould.

• West facade Saint Etienne Caen France

  • Romanesque Art

  ·         11^th-12^th Century

• Has two towers. Careful planning of the entire structure. Grouping of three windows, trinity
• William the conqueror created for absolution of wanting to marry his cousin. Masterpiece of Norman Romanesque architecture

• Bayeux Tapestry

  • Romanesque Art

  ·         11^th-12^th Century

• Tells norman side of the battle. Battle of Hastings, nly piece of textile, ordered by his brother. Tells the whole story of the Battle, King ED, the one on throne, William told he would be legitimate Heir. Harold, says hes the rightlful Heir. William hears that Harold took over and prepares to battle. 50 scenes.
• Body of Edward, king. Hand of God apoints to where he was burried, Westminister Abbey, pointing to Haleys comet. Harold the King dies and william is the conqueror of Englands.
• Embroidered fabrice made of wool sewn on linen. Pictoral narrative of a crucial moment in Englands history and the events that led up to it. Historical narrative, including preparations of war, meals, loading of equipment, etc.

• Saint Denis by Abbot Suger
• Gothic Art

·         12^th - 14^th Century

• Abbot, Suger created this. St. Denis was a parton st of France, this was based after him and burial site of kings"light is the nearest thing to ideal and transports you to another world" reference to Christ.
• It's the first gothic church, can be attributed to one man. Become more elaborate as time goes on. Puts stained glass int he walls and creates a choric. Would have had two towers.

• Chartres Cathedral: Royal Portal west facade

  • Gothic Art

  ·         12^th - 14^th Century

• Believed to have been the kings and queens of france. Age of Faith to Scholasticism, no final judegement only good and bad. Have zodiac, liberal arts, Christ, and apostles.
• Most complete and survign early Gothic Sculpture. Symbolize human knowledge. Sculptures proclaim majesty and power to Christ. Zodiac are labors of the months of the year and are symbols of cosmic and eathly worlds. Second coming- subject of central typanum= last judgment become symbol of salvation rather than damnation

• Gothic Architecture
  • Gothic Art

  ·         12^th - 14^th Century

• Rib Vaulting- ribs that form x of the groin vaul. The intersection of two or three barrel vaults produces a rib vault or ribbed vault
• Flying buttresses- masonary struts that transfer the thrust of the nave vaults across the roof of the side aisles, above the churches exterior wall. The purpose of any buttress is to resist the lateral forces pushing a wall outwards (which may arise from stone vaulted ceilings or from wind-loading on roofs) by redirecting them to the ground.

• Stain glass: lancets oculi, Rose windows

  • Gothic Art

  ·         12^th - 14^th Century

• lancet- a tall narrow window crowned by a pointed arch
• oculii- small round windows
• rose windows- A Rose window (or Catherine window) is often used as a generic term applied to a circular window, but is especially used for those found in churches of the Gothic architectural style and being divided into segments by stone mullions and tracery
• True light passes inside the church and they enlighten the inside

• Sainte Chapelle

  • Gothic Art

  ·         12^th - 14^th Century

• Has enormous windows that filter the light and fill the interior with an unearthly rose violet atmostpher. Chapel of king Louis, almost has no walls
• Masterpeice of the rayonnant (radiant) style of the High Gothic Age. Dissolution of walls and reduction of the bulk of the supports to add more stained glass windows. Extreme slenderness and linearity in general.

• Mausoleum of Galla Placida: Good Shepherd mosaic
• Early Christian, Jewish, and Byzantine Art
• 4th- 5th Century
• depicts Christ, always has beard but not in this. Youthful, dressed in robes. Christ=good shepherd, but he has a halo, staff, robe- gold and purple which shows royalty, only wealthy wore this.
• Takes on attributes and he is seated. Instead of carrying lamb on shoulder, Jesus is among the flock. To his right and left the sheep are distributed evenly in three, arrangment is loose and has greco-roman illusionistic devices. Some landscape and background, but informal.