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Standard Structural Steel |
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0.2-0.5% carbon content; rolled into standard sections and required fire protection |
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12-27% (stainless steel); alloying elements are added to achieve special properties |
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contains up to 0.05% copper; develops a protective oxide coating (patina) when exposed to weather and needs no finish (Cor-Ten) |
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increases strength and hardness of steel; reduces ductility and welding capabilities |
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property that allows steel to withstand excessive deformations caused by high stresses |
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corrosion resulting from the contact of dissimilar metals in the presence of an electrolyte |
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how to prevent Galvanic Action |
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different metals should be separated from each other by a non-conductive barrier (rubber, neoprene) |
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metals containing a substantial proportion of iron (stainless steel, galvanized iron) |
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all other metals that do not contain iron such as aluminum, copper, zinc; resist corrosion |
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Method of Metal Fabrication: CAST |
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molten metal is poured into sand molds or forms where it is cooled and hardened; used when desired shape or size is not easily obtained by rolling or machining |
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Method of Metal Fabrication: WROUGHT |
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Definition
solid metal is forcibly shaped into desired profile; rolling, extruding, drawing |
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metal is passed through rollers |
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a ram forces preheated metal through a die of the desired profile |
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metal is pulled through a die; used to make complex shapes from hot-rolled bars |
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aluminum framing system that is lightweight, fast to erect, incombustible, decay/rot/termite-proof, dimensionally stable, easy passage of pipes, wiring, etc; installed like a wood stud system and can span to 32 feet high with light loads |
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corrugated, ribbed, or cellular steel used as a working platform during construction and as a formwork for pouring concrete |
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deformation in the decking |
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locks the concrete slab and decking together to achieve composite action (provides tensile strength) |
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done in the field or construction site |
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done in the shop prior to delivery |
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why steel beams do not align |
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Definition
because of the height of the open-web joist (bearing plate) |
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span up to 60'--depth ranges from 8" to 30" |
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LH-series (longspan) open web joists |
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Definition
span up to 96'--depth ranges from 18" to 48" |
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DLH-series (deep longspan) open web joists |
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Definition
span up to 144'--depth ranges from 52" to 72" |
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spacing between open web joists |
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small lightweight trusses; standardized; shop-fabricated; strong in vertical direction; weak in flat, horizontal direction |
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distributes loads across framing system and resists overturning of joist |
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diagonal bracing, moment bracing, shear bracing: three building stabilization methods against lateral forces of wind and earthquakes |
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absorbs energy during an earthquake to protect the building from collapsing; used in earthquake prone regions |
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method used to shape a structural tee |
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method used to shape a typical steel door frame |
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method used to shape a typical aluminum storefront section |
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first cast iron and glass building; 1851; Joseph Paxton; London, England; |
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first wrought iron building; 1887-1889; Paris, France; Gustave Eiffel; prefab steel structure |
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first steel building; 1893; Chicago, Illinois; William LeBaron Jenney |
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primary metals of construction |
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aluminum (weather resistance), copper (plumbing systems), steel (strengths) |
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three terms used for structural hierarchy |
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primary (beams, columns), secondary (joists), tertiary (decking) |
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iron (98%), carbon (controls hardness), copper (resistance to weathering), chromium (for stainless steel) |
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eliminates flaws and is used to make structural shapes such as wide-flange beams and channels |
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increases strength but decreases ductility |
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