Term
| SYMBOLIC INTERACTION THEORY |
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Definition
-Theory is more cognitive
-Interest lies in how people and families perceive what is happening
-Focuses on connection between symbols and interactions
-Used to understand “how humans, in concert with one another, create symbolic worlds, and how these worlds, in turn, shape human behavior” |
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| founding father of symbolic interaction theory |
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| the “looking glass self” and other self concepts |
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| “definition of the situation” |
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| investigated people in the social process of constructing lives and social relations |
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| first to apply symbolic interaction to families |
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| organized symbolic interaction into the theory (student of George Mead) |
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| analyzed family crisis from symbolic interaction perspective |
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| assumptions of symbolic interaction theory |
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Definition
1. Nature of Interaction – People are constantly undergoing changes in interaction
2. Humans act in the present according to the definition of the situation & this definition is shaped by recall & past experiences
3. Humans are unpredictable & they are free to make decisions which are based on interaction |
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| persons’ capacity to step outside selves & treat themselves as an object of the environment; self is defined socially, and like all other objects, the self experiences change |
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| looking glass self (SYMB INT) |
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Definition
image of our self that is a reflection of what others tell us about our self
imagination of our appearance to the other person
imagination of his/her judgment of that appearance
some sort of feeling
emerges in primary groups, those that are small, personal and offer opportunity for intimate and cooperative ties (e.g., families) |
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| impulsive, spontaneous, unpredictable part of self; no matter how much we are socialized, a part of us is always “untouched by human hands” |
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| what most people see; takes into account personal thoughts & goals, competencies & environment |
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| Meaningful Behavior (SYMB INT) |
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| behavior preceded by thought, which holds meaning for the actor; thought directed by the “me” part of the self |
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| Nonmeaningful Behavior (SYMB INT) |
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| spontaneous, reflexive behavior sometimes driven by emotion and not preceded by thought or does not consider others; directed by “I” part of self |
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| ability that people have to make indications to themselves before acting; conversations with ourselves; manipulation of symbols, made possible by learning those symbols and the development of self, that makes the mind; not same as “brain” |
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| point of view; a bias containing assumptions, value judgments and ideas; no way one person can see whole picture because always focus on some stimuli while ignoring others; help to make sense of what is out there |
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| definition of situation (SYMB INT) |
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| W.I. Thomas: “If men define situations as real, they are real in their consequences” |
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| shared norms applied to the occupants of social positions; systems of meaning that enable role occupants and others whom they interact with to anticipate future behaviors and to maintain regularity in their social interactions; each role has complementary roles that help define it |
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| self-meanings in a role: the more important a role is, the more motivated an individual will be to excel in role-related activities |
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| felt difficulty in fulfilling role obligations |
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| when members assign one person or group more responsibility for evil than is warranted by facts (Lev. 16:20) |
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| take on or experience role of others; enhances ability to understand others and meet their expectations |
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| process by which we acquire symbols, beliefs and attitudes of our cultures |
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| FAMILY DEVELOPMENT THEORY |
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Definition
One of the first family-focused theories
Emerged during the 1940’s
Focus: Change in process of internal family development viewed micro-analytically with dimension of time being central – changes experienced by families as they move through family stages |
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| Reuben Hill and Roy Rodgers (FD) |
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| first systematic statement of family development theory; identified 3 levels of analysis – individual-psychological, interactional-association, & societal-institutional |
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| broke family life cycle into 8 stages, each addressing nodal events |
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preferred “family career”
Family development consists of 4 stages:
1. Establishment of marital relationship
2. Parental role
3. Return to couple relationship
4. Aging couple |
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| psychosocial stages of dev |
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| Transitions of adult life; Seasons of a Man’s Life |
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| began revolution of awareness of unique development of experiences of females and implications for individual and family life cycle |
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| Betty Carter & Monica McGoldrick (FD) |
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| helped to apply family development theory to MFT & redefined normality |
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| helped delineate testable propositions; authored multiple theory texts |
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| process leading toward fulfillment & realization of potential of an individual, family or group over time |
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| two or more people related by marriage, blood, birth or adoption |
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| all the roles for an individual at a point in time |
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| set of expectations for behavior; dynamic part of a position defined by norms of culture |
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patterned or commonly held behavior expectations
Static norms – regulate behavior & expectations within an age grouping or stage
Process norms – regulate timing & sequencing of expectations & behavior |
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| growth responsibility that arises at or about a certain time in the life of an individual or family; it is assumed you must successfully accomplish task before moving onto next stage |
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| sequence of characteristic stages beginning with family formation & continuing through the life of family to its dissolution |
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| occurs when the family moves from one qualitatively distinct stage to another |
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(multi-dimensional)
Timing as normative: on-time or off-time (Bernice Neugarten)
Age timing – families, relationships and individuals can be described by their age
Event & stage sequencing – order of events & stages has very important family consequences
Stage duration –duration of time between stages |
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| assumptions (Family dev. theory) |
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Definition
(Assumptions made about family group, not individual)
1. Family stress is usually greatest at transition points between developmental stages
2. Family is a system moving through time
3. Time is multi-dimensional, monotonic & flows in one direction
4. Each generation has an impact on the generation that follows
5. Social, economic & political contexts all impact families as they move through the life cycle
6. Family is a semi-closed or semi-permeable group
7. Developmental processes are inevitable & important in studying families |
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Basic Developmental Tasks (Evelyn Duvall)
(FD) |
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Definition
Establish an independent home
Establish satisfactory way of getting and spending money
Determine mutually acceptable patterns in division of labor
Maintain mutually satisfying sexual relationship
Establish open system of emotional and intellectual communication
Foster workable relationships with relatives
Establish ways of interacting with associations and community organizations
Become competent in bearing and raising children
Develop a workable philosophy of life
Develop faith in children |
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| Thomas Holmes & Richard Rahe (FS) |
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| Social Readjustment Rating Scale |
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| General Adaptation Syndrome |
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| integration/ adaptability |
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| R.S. Cavon & K.H. Ranck (FS) |
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| job loss and unemployment during Depression |
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| researched how families deal with economic loss |
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| ABCX model and Roller Coaster Profile of Adjustment |
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| Hamilton McCubbin & Joan Patterson (FS) |
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| ambiguous loss and ambiguous boundaries |
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byproduct of stressor
Relationship to performance |
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| event or situation that produces stress |
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anticipated, expectable, scheduled changes; result of moving thru life cycle; predictable; permit preparation
Anticipatory socialization - process of learning rights, obligations, resources and outlook of a position one will occupy in the future |
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| Non normative stressor (FS) |
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| unanticipated, unexpected, more rare, unforeseen, demand immediate attention |
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Intra-familial – within the family
Extra-familial – outside the family |
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| Effect upon family configuration (FS) |
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Definition
Dismemberment or loss (can be permanent or temporary)
Accession or acquisition– addition of member
Demoralization or serious violation of family rules – violation of trust & loss of family moral
Combination of demoralization and dismemberment or accession |
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Gradual - allows time to adjust
Abrupt -sudden, no preparation |
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Transitory – occurs only once or short-term
Chronic – ongoing or long-term |
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| Perception or Definition of Situation (FS) |
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Definition
| meaning or interpretation given to situation |
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| Factors associated with family’s perception (FS) |
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Definition
religious beliefs
-ability to redefine hardships and endow them with meaning
-family values, previous experience with crisis events, themes |
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| combination of B & C; family’s ability to defend itself against crisis; degree of crisis proneness or crisis proofness |
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| amount of incapacitatedness or disorganization of family where resources are inadequate |
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variation in ability of family to recover from a crisis
(Hill’s Roller Coaster Profile of Adjustment) |
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| adds post-crisis variables; includes dimension of time |
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| aA: Family Demands: Pile-up (FS) |
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Stressor and its associated hardships
Normative transitions
Prior strains
Consequences of family’s efforts to cope
Intra-familial and social ambiguity |
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| bB: Family Adaptive Resources (FS) |
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Definition
resources are part of family’s capabilities for meeting demands and needs (include characteristics of individual members , family unit and community)
Existing resources
Expanded family resources |
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| cC:Family Definition and Meaning – (FS) |
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meaning family gives to total crisis situation
2 forms
Family’s perception of stressor event
Family’s perception of crisis |
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| When family is able to successfully redefine crisis situation & give it new meaning, it involves efforts to: |
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Definition
Clarify the issues, hardships and tasks so as to render them more manageable & responsive to problem-solving efforts
Decrease intensity of emotional burdens associated with crisis situation
Encourage family unity to carry on with its fundamental tasks of promoting member social & emotional development |
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