exhumation

the process involving uplife and erosion that returns deeply buried rocks to the surface

foliation 

layering formed as a consequence of the alighment of mineral grains, or of compositional banding in a metamorphic rock

gneiss

a compositionally banded metamorphic rock typically composed of alternating dark and light colored layers

marble

a metamorphic rock composed of calcite and transformed from a protolith of limestone

metamorphic grade

The intensity or rank of metamorphism, measured by the amount or degree of difference between the original parent rock and the metamorphic rock. It indicates in a general way the pressure-temperature environment or facies in which the metamorphism took place

metamorphic rock

rock that forms when existing rock changes into new rock as a result of an increase in pressure and temperature and or shearing under elebated termperature

-metmorphism occurs without the rock first becoming a melt or a sediment 

metamorphism 

the process by which one kind of rock transforms into a different kind of rock

protolith 

the original from which a metamorphic rock formed

schist 

a medium to coarse grained metamorphic rock that possesses schistosity 

slate

fine grained, low grade metamorphic rock formed by metamophism of shale

aftershock 

the series of smaller earthquakes that follow a major earthquake

displacement slip

the amount of movement or slip across a fault plane

earthquake

a vibration caused by the sudden breaking or frictional slifing of rock in the earth

epicenter

the point on the surgace of the earth directly aboe the focus of an earthquake

fault

a fracture on which one body of rock slides past another

fault scarp

a smell step in the ground surface where one side of a fault has moved vertically with respect to the other

friction 

resistance to sliding on a surface

hypocenter

the point of an earthquak beneath the surface

intensity 

a measure of the relative size of an earthquake at a location, as determined by examining the amount of damage caused

magnitude

the size of the earthquake

recurrence interval 

the average time between successive geologic events

seismograph

the record of an earthquake

p-waves

compression

compressional seismic waves that move through the body of the earth

s-waves 

shear

seismic shear waves that pass through the body of the earth

stick-slip 

a fault in which one block slides horizontally past another so there is no realtive vertical motion

stress

the push, pull, or shear that a material feels when subejcted to a force

surface waves

seismic waves that travel along the earth's surface

tsunami 

a large wave along the sea surface triggered by an earthquak or large submarine slump

anticline

a fold with an arch-like shape in which the limbs dip away from the hinge

brittle 

the cracking and fracturing of a material subjected to stress

deformation 

a change in the shampe, position, or orientation of a material by bending, breaking, or flowing

dip

a fault in which sliding occurs up or down the slope 

ductile 

the bending and flowing of a material without cracking and breaking subjected to stress

footwall 

he rocks on the lower side of an inclined fault plane

hanging wall 

the rock or sediment above an inclined fault plane

isostasy 

the condition that exists when the buotancy force pushing lithosphere up equals the gravitational force pulling lithosphere down

joint 

naturally formed cracks in rocks

syncline   

a trough shaped fold whose limbs dip toward the hinge

normal fault 

a fauly in which the hanging wall block moves down the slope of the fault

reverse fault 

a steeply dipping fault on which the hanging wall block slides up

transform fault

a fault marking a transform plate boundary

-along mid ocean ridges, are actively slipping segment of a fracture zone between two ridge segments

uplift

Tectonic uplift is the portion of the total geologic uplift of the mean earth surface that is not attributable to an isostatic

abyssal plane 

a broad relatively flat region of ocean that lies at least 4.5 km below sea level

active margin 

a continental margine that coincides with a plate boundary

bathymetry 

variation in depth 

continental shelf 

a broad, shallowly submerged fringe of a continent 

-the widest continental shelves occur over passive margins

coriolis effect 

the deflection of objectsm winds, and currents on the surface of the earth owing to the planet's rotation 

gyre 

a large circular flow pattern of ocean surface currents 

passive continental margin 

a continental margin that is not a plate boundary 

thermohaline circulation 

the rising and sinking of water driven by contrasts in water ensity, which is due in turn to differences in temp and salinity

-circulation involved both surface and deep water currents

andiabatic cooling 

the process of reducing heat through a change in air pressure caused by volume expansion

adiabatic heating

 A change in the temperature of a material without addition of heat that happens when the pressure of a gas is increased.

air

the mixture of gases that make up the earth's atmosphere

air pressure 

the push that air exerts on its surroundings

atmosphere

a layer of gases that surrounds a planet

climate

the average weather conditions along with the range of conditions of a region over a year

cloud 

a mist of tiny water droplets in the sky

convergence zone

a place where two surface air flows meet so that air has to rise

divergence zone 

a place where sinking air separates into two flows that move in opposite directions

dewpoint temperature 

the temp at which air becomes satuared so that dew can form 

el nino 

the flow of warm water eastward form the pacific ocean that reverses the upselling of cold water along the western coast of south america and causes significant global changes in weather patterns

hadley cell 

the name given to the low altitude convection cells in the atmosphere

insolation 

exposure to the sun's rays

jet stream 

a fast moving current of air that flowa at high elevation 

mesosphere 

the cooler layer of atmosphere overlying the stratosphere

ozone

o3

-protects

-absorbs ultraviolet

stratosphere 

the stable stratified layer of atmosphere directly above the troposphere

thermosphere 

the outermost layer of the atmopshere conaining very little gas

trade winds

a wind blowing steadily toward the equator from the northeast in the northern hemisphere or the southeast in the southern hemisphere, esp. at sea

troposphere

the lowest layer of the atmosphere where air undergoes convection and where most wind and clouds develop

weather 

local scale conditions as defined by temperature air pressure relative humidity and wind speed

wind

natural movement of the air, esp. in the form of a current of air blowing from a particular direction.

typical p wave velocities in crust

1,000km / 1 min

typical s wave velocity in crust

400 km / 1 min

major ions in sea water

magnesium

calicum

potassium

salinity of ocean water

typical depth of abyssal plains

4.5 km

average insolation

depends on the angle at which sunbeams strike the earth

-poles are cooler