Term
| 1. _____ refers to a spectrum of morphologic changes that occurs in cells following cell death in a living tissue. |
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Definition
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Term
| 2. Necrosis occurs only in _____. |
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Definition
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Term
| 3. Necrosis is the sum of two processes that follow death in living tissues or organs which are _____ and _____. |
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Definition
| DENATURATION OF PROTEINS AND ENZYMATIC DIGESTION OF ORGANELLES |
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Term
| 4. Necrosis represents the point of _____. |
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Definition
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Term
| 5. These are the 5 different types of necrosis. |
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Definition
| 1) COAGULATIVE NECROSIS, 2) LIQUEFACTIVE NECROSIS, 3) GANGRENOUS NECROSIS, 4) CASEOUS NECROSIS, 5) ENZYMATIC FAT NECROSIS |
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Term
| 6. _____ necrosis is when tissues are turned into liquid and completely unrecognizable. |
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Definition
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Term
| 7. 2 places where one can see liquefactive necrosis. |
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Definition
| 1) BACTERIAL INFECTION WITH STREP OR STAPH, 2) IN THE BRAIN IN RESPONSE TO STROKE |
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Term
| 8. _____ necrosis is a denaturation of proteins. |
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Definition
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Term
| 9. _____ causes of coagulative necrosis in all tissues of the body other than the brain. |
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Definition
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Term
| 10. _____ is a cheese like necrosis. |
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Definition
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Term
| 11. Caseous necrosis is most commonly seen in _____. |
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Definition
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Term
| 12. _____is most commonly seen in the pancreas. |
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Definition
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Term
| 13. _____ causes enzymatic fat necrosis. |
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Definition
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Term
| 14. If a person has acute pancreatitis, there will be a _____ appearance of the pancreas. |
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Definition
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Term
| 15. _____ is programmed cell death. |
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Definition
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Term
| 16. 3 causes of apoptosis. |
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Definition
| 1) EMBRYOGENESIS, 2) HORMONE-DEPENDENT INVOLUTION IN THE ADULT, 3) CELL DELETION IN POPULATIONS OF CELLS WHICH HAVE NORMAL “TURNOVER” |
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Term
| 17. _____ is considered a natural event which plays an important role in the regulation of normal cell population density. |
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Definition
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Term
| 18. Apoptosis may play a major role in the pathogenesis of _____. |
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Definition
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Term
| 19. _____ are proteins involved in adaptation to stressful/injurious stimuli. |
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Definition
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Term
| 20. 5 characteristics regarding heat shock proteins. |
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Definition
| 1) INDUCED AND CONSTITUTIVELY SYNTHESIZED, 2) PLAY AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN NORMAL CELL METABOLISM, 3) ESSENTIAL FOR CELL SURVIVAL IN ALL SPECIES SUBJECTED TO INJURY, 4) INCREASED SYNTHESIS DURING MYOCARDIAL AND CEREBRAL ISCHEMIA, 5) INCREASED EXPRESSION IS CORRELATION WITH ATTENUATION OF CELL INJURY/DEATH |
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Term
| 21. _____ and _____ are 2 heat shock proteins that are chaperonins involved in protein folding and targeting to its final destination. |
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Definition
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Term
| 22. _____ is a heat shock protein that facilitates degradation of damaged proteins by marking them for degradation by proteases. |
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Definition
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Term
| 23. _____ is a complex reaction arising in vascularized connective tissue in response to an injury or injurious agent. |
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Definition
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Term
| 24. Inflammation results in the accumulation of _____ and _____ in extravascular tissues that is ultimately involved with the _____. |
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Definition
| FLUID AND LEUKOCUTES; REPAIR PROCESS |
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Term
| 25. Leukocytes break down into 2 classes which are _____ and _____. |
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Definition
| AGRAULOCYTES AND GRANULOCYTES |
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Term
| 26. 3 types of agranulocytes. |
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Definition
| 1) LYMPHOCYTES, 2) MONOCYTES, 3) MEGAKARYOCYTE |
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Term
| 27. 2 types of lymphocytes. |
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Definition
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Term
| 28. Monocytes become _____. |
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Definition
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Term
| 29. Megakaryocytes become _____. |
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Definition
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Term
| 30. 3 types of granulocytes. |
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Definition
| 1) NEUTROPHILS, 2) EOSINOPHILS, 3) BASOPHILS |
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Term
| 31. _____ sets into motion a series of events which heal and reconstitute the damaged tissue. |
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Definition
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Term
| 32. _____ involves replacement of injured tissue. |
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Definition
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Term
| 33. Repair of injured tissue occurs through _____, _____ or both. |
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Definition
| CELL REGENERATION, SCAR FORMATION |
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Term
| 34. 4 tissues involved in inflammation. |
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Definition
| 1) WHITE BLOOD CELLS, 2) BLOOD VESSELS, 3) CONNECTIVE TISSUE CELLS, 4) EXTRECELLULAR MATRIX |
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Term
| 35. 2 types of connective tissue cells. |
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Definition
| 1) MAST CELLS, 2) FIBROBLASTS |
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Term
| 36. _____ are connective tissue cells that release histamine. |
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Definition
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Term
| 37. _____ are connective tissue cells that form scar tissue by releasing and synthesizing collagen. |
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Definition
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Term
| 38. 5 major causes of inflammation. |
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Definition
| 1) ISCHEMIA, 2) PHYSICAL AGENTS, 3) CHEMICAL AGENTS, 4) MICROBIOLOGICAL AGENTS, 5) IMMUNE RESPONSES |
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Term
| 39. 3 physical agents that can cause inflammation. |
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Definition
| 1) TRAUMA, 2) THERMAL CAUSES, 3) IRRADIATION |
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Term
| 40. 2 chemicals that can cause inflammation. |
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Definition
| 1) CORROSIVE AGENTS, 2) DRUGS |
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Term
| 41. 4 microbiological agents that can cause inflammation. |
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Definition
| 1) BACTERIA, 2) VIRUSES, 3) FUNGI, 4) PROTOZOA |
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Term
| 42. 2 immune reactions that can cause inflammation. |
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Definition
| 1) ALLERGIC REACTIONS, 2) IMMUNE MEDIATED DISEASES |
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Term
| 43. Inflammation can be either _____ or _____. |
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Definition
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Term
| 44. The _____ inflammatory response is of rapid onset, it is short lived, and it causes symptomology. |
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Definition
| ACUTE INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE |
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Term
| 45. These 2 cells are involved in the acute inflammatory response. |
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Definition
| 1) NEUTROPHILS, 2) MACROPHAGES |
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Term
| 46. 4 characteristics regarding the chronic inflammatory response. |
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Definition
| 1) SLOW ONSET, 2) LONG-LIVED, 3) SYMPTOMS APPEAR LATE, 4) PRONOUNCED TISSUE DAMAGE |
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Term
| 47. These 3 cell types are involved in the chronic inflammatory response. |
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Definition
| 1) LYMPHOCYTES, 2) MACROPHAGES, 3) FIBROBLASTS |
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Term
| 48. While the process of inflammation is essentially a protective device, the process of inflammation can be potentially harmful and can manifest as a _____. |
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Definition
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Term
| 49. 5 cardinal signs of inflammation. |
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Definition
| 1) HEAT, 2) SWELLING, 3) REDNESS, 4) PAIN, 5) LOSS OF FUNCTION |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
| 54. Loss of function = _____. |
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Definition
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Term
| 55. Inflammation involves both _____ and _____. |
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Definition
| EXUDATION AND INFLAMMATORY EDEMA |
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Term
| 56. 3 types of exudation that occurs in inflammation. |
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Definition
| 1) TRANSUDATE, 2) EXUDATE, 3) EFFUSION |
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Term
| 57. _____ is thin and watery, and is indicative of severe tissue damage. |
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Definition
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Term
| 58. _____ is a thicker mucous material, made up of leukocytes. |
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Definition
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Term
| 59. Purulent exudates are the same thing as _____. |
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Definition
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Term
| 60. 2 types of effusion that occur in exudation inflammation. |
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Definition
| 1) SEROUS EFFUSION, 2) SEROSAGUINOUS EFFUSION |
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Term
| 61. _____ is the movement of fluid between 2 spaces causing an excess accumulation of the fluid. |
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Definition
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Term
| 62. _____ effusion is a thin and watery accumulation of fluid. |
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Definition
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Term
| 63. If effusion contains blood it is called _____. |
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Definition
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Term
| 64. 3 major components of the inflammatory response. |
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Definition
| 1) CHANGE IN VESSEL WALL PERMEABILITY, 2) VASODILATION, 2) MIGRATION OF LEUKOCYTES |
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Term
| 65. 7 events in the inflammatory cascade. |
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Definition
| 1) TRANSIENT VASOCONSTRICTION, 2) VASODILATION, 3) MARGINATION, 4) ADHESION/PAVEMENTATION, 5) EMIGRATION/MIGRATION VIA CHEMOTAXIS, 6) AGGREGATION, 7) PHAGOCYTOSIS |
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Term
| 66. _____ is a step of the inflammatory cascade that causes a decrease in blood flow. |
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Definition
| TRANSIENT VASOCONSTRICTION |
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Term
| 67. _____ is a step in the inflammatory cascade that results in increased blood flow to the damaged tissue. |
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Definition
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Term
| 68. _____ is a step in the inflammatory cascade when there is a vascular response which causes a leakiness of endothelium. |
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Definition
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Term
| 69. In the immediate-transient response during the permeability changes of inflammation, there is _____. |
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Definition
| ENDOTHELIAL CELL CONTRACTION |
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Term
| 70. In the immediate-sustained response during the permeability changes of inflammation, there is _____. |
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Definition
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Term
| 71. Vasodilation and increased vascular wall permeability causes _____ of blood within the vascular lumen. |
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Definition
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Term
| 72. Stasis of blood causes _____. |
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Definition
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Term
| 73. Increased viscosity of blood leads to _____. |
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Definition
| MARGINATION OF WHITE BLOOD CELLS |
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Term
| 74. _____ is when white blood cells completely line the blood vessel wall. |
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Definition
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Term
| 75. _____ is the movement of white blood cells toward the vascular wall. |
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Definition
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Term
| 76. These 3 proteins are involved in the adhesion/pavementation response of inflammation. |
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Definition
| 1) SELECTINS, 2) INTEGRINS, 3) IMMUNOGLOBULINS |
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Term
| 77. Defects in leukocyte adhesion is due to _____ in adhesion molecules on white blood cells. |
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Definition
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Term
| 78. Genetic defects in these 2 white blood cell adhesion molecules leads to defects of leukocyte adhesion. |
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Definition
| LAD (LEUKOCYTE ADHESION DEFICIENCY) TYPE 1; LAD TYPE 2 |
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Term
| 79. Emigration/migration of inflammatory cells takes place via _____. |
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Definition
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Term
| 80. _____ is the movement of white blood cells from the blood vessel lumen to the site of injury along a chemical concentration gradient. |
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Definition
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Term
| 81. These are the 4 chemical mediators of chemotaxis. |
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Definition
| 1) TISSUE NECROSIS FACTOR, 2) C5A, 3) LTB4, 4) SPECIFIC CYTOKINES |
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Term
| 82. ____ is the ingestion of dead tissues or foreign particles by macrophages and sometimes neutrophils. |
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Definition
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Term
| 83. During phagocytosis, recognition and binding of WBC to foreign particles occurs via _____. |
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Definition
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Term
| 84. _____ are a naturally occurring protein which coat bacterium acting as a surface marker for WBC’s to combine. |
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Definition
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Term
| 85. 2 main opsonins which coat bacterium are _____ and _____. |
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Definition
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Term
| 86. During phagocytosis, engulfment of bacterium by macrophages occurs via _____. |
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Definition
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Term
| 87. During the process of phagocytosis, the killing of bacterium inside macrophages occurs via _____, _____ and _____. |
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Definition
| FREE RADICALS, LYSOSOMAL ENZYMES, AND PRODUCTION OF AA METABOLITES |
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Term
| 88. Substances which act to initiate and/or enhance an inflammatory reaction follow these 5 patterns. |
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Definition
| 1) ORIGINATE FROM EITHER PLASMA OR CELLS, 2) MAY TRIGGER THE RELEASE OF MEDIATORS FROM TARGET CELLS THEMSELVES, 3) THEY ARE SHORT LIVED CONTROLLED PHENOMENONS, 4) MAY HAVE HARMFUL EFFECTS ON THE HOST, 5) REDUNDANCY PROVIDES AMPLIFICATION |
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Term
| 89. The 2 major sources of inflammatory mediators are _____ or _____. |
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Definition
| PLASMA DERIVED MEDIATORS OR PREFORMED/STORED MEDIATORS WITHIN CELLS |
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Term
| 90. _____ are proteins that are always in blood. |
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Definition
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Term
| 91. _____ are proteins that are preformed and released to cause vasodilation and increased vascular permeability. |
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Definition
| INFLAMMATORY MEDIATORS WITHIN CELLS |
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Term
| 92. _____ is the inducible synthesis of inflammatory mediators within cells. |
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Definition
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Term
| 93. These 3 cascading and inter-related systems are the source of chemical mediators. |
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Definition
| 1) KININ SYSTEM, 2) COMPLEMENT SYSTEM, 3) COAGULATION SYSTEM |
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Term
| 94. _____ is the key source of plasma derived inflammatory mediators. It activates the release of mediators from the coagulation system, the kinin system, and the complement cascade. |
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Definition
| HAGEMAN FACTOR (FACTOR XII) |
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Term
| 95. _____ is the common denominator that can activate the kinin system, complement system, and coagulation system. |
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Definition
| HAGEMAN FACTOR (FACTOR XII) |
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Term
| 96. _____ is derived from the kinin family of proteins, and is the most important and potent chemical mediator in the kinin family. |
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Definition
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Term
| 97. Bradykinin causes these 3 inflammatory effects. |
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Definition
| 1) PAIN, 2) VASODILATION, 3) INCREASED VASCULAR PERMEABILITY |
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Term
| 98. Bradykinin is activated by the _____ and is rapidly degraded. |
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Definition
| 1) PAIN, 2) VASODILATION, 3) INCREASED VASCULAR PERMEABILITY |
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Term
| 99. _____ is the protein that is responsible for holding blood clots together. |
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Definition
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Term
| 100. _____ is a family of 20 proteins that are mediators of inflammation. |
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Definition
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Term
| 101. 2 functions of the C3a protein of the complement system. |
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Definition
| 1) VASODILATION, 2) INCREASED VASCULAR PERMEABILITY |
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Term
| 102. 4 functions of the C5a protein of the complement system. |
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Definition
| 1) VASODILATION, 2) INCREASED VASCULAR PERMEABILITY, 3) CHEMOTAXIS, 4) ACTIVATES AA METABOLISM |
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Term
| 103. What is the function of the C3b protein of the complement system. |
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Definition
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Term
| 104. _____ of the complement system proteins are the membrane attack complex that punches holes in cell membranes causing their destruction. |
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Definition
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Term
| 105. The _____ is a family of proteins involved in blood clot formation. |
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Definition
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Term
| 106. Some components of the coagulation system play a role as _____. |
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Definition
| MEDIATORS OF INFLAMMATION |
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Term
| 107. Fibrinogen needs _____ to be converted into fibrin in order for clots to be formed. |
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Definition
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Term
| 108. Thrombin is a component of the coagulation system that performs these 3 tasks. |
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Definition
| 1) INCREASED VASCULAR PERMEABILITY, 2) INCREASED WBC ADHERENCE TO ENDOTHELIUM, 3) INCREASED FIBROBLAST PROLIFERATION |
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Term
| 109. _____ are components of the coagulation system that increase vascular permeability following the degradation of fibrin. |
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Definition
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Term
| 110. _____ is a component of the coagulation system that cleaves C3 to form C3a and C3b causing fibrinolysis. |
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Definition
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Term
| 111. 2 vasoactive amines that are cell-derived mediators of inflammation. |
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Definition
| 1) HISTAMINE, 2) SEROTONIN |
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Term
| 112. Histamine is mainly released by _____ cells. |
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Definition
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Term
| 113. 3 things that cause the release of histamine. |
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Definition
| 1) BLUNT TRAUMA, 2) HYPOTHERMIA, 3) HYPERTHERMIA |
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Term
| 114. Histamine plays a role in _____ reactions. |
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Definition
| TYPE 1 HYPERSENSITIVITY REACTIONS |
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Term
| 115. _____ is a phospholipid that sits in the phospholipid bilayer. |
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Definition
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Term
| 116. Arachidonic acid is activated by _____, which causes it to come into the cell cytoplasm to be metabolized into _____ or _____. |
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Definition
| PLA2; PROSTAGLANDINS, LEUKOTRIENES |
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Term
| 117. 6 arachidonic acid metabolites that are cell-derived mediators of inflammation. |
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Definition
| 1) PGI2, 2) TXA2, 3) LTB4, 4) LTC4, 5) LTD4, 6) LTE4 |
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Term
| 118. This is an arachidonic acid metabolite that causes vasodilation. |
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Definition
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Term
| 119. This is an arachidonic acid metabolite the causes vasoconstriction and platelet aggregation. |
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Definition
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Term
| 120. This is an arachidonic acid metabolite that causes chemotaxis. |
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Definition
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Term
| 121. These 3 arachidonic acid metabolites cause increased permeability, vasodilation, and edema. |
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Definition
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Term
| 122. 3 clinical products used to inhibit arachidonic acid metabolism. |
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Definition
| 1) CORTICOSTEROIDS, 2) NSAIDS, 3) FISH OILS |
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Term
| 123. _____ is the most common corticosterioid used to inhibit arachidonic acid metabolism, by blocking PLA2 from binding to arachidonic acid. |
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Definition
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Term
| 124. These are the most common NSAIDS used as inhibitors of arachidonic acid metabolism. |
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Definition
| 1) ASPIRIN, 2) IDOMETHACIN, 3) IBUPROFIN |
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Term
| 125. Inflammatory cytokines are produced by _____ and _____ during inflammation. |
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Definition
| LYPHOCYTES AND MACROPHAGES |
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Term
| 126. 5 cytokines that mediate inflammation. |
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Definition
| 1) IL-1, 2) IL-2, 3) IL-6, 4) IL-8, 5) TNF |
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Term
| 127. Secretion of inflammatory cytokines is stimulated by these 3 things. |
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Definition
| 1) ENDOTOXINS, 2) IMMUNE COMPLEXES, 3) PHYSICAL INJURY |
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Term
| 128. 5 roles of cytokines in inflammation. |
|
Definition
| 1) INDUCE SYNTHESIS OF ENDOTHELIUM ADHESION, 2) INDUCE SYNTHESIS OF NITRIC OXIDE, 3) INDUCE AGGREGATION OF NEUTROPHILS, 4) INDUCE SYSTEMIC ACUTE-PHASE REACTIONS, 5) CHEMOTACTIC FOR NEUTROPHILS |
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Term
| 129. _____which is continually produced by endothelial cells, is responsible for the normal basal tone of blood vessels. |
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Definition
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Term
| 130. 4 systemic acute-phase reactions to inflammatory cytokine release. |
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Definition
| 1) FEVER, 2) DECREASED APPETITIE,3 ) INCREASED SYNTHESIS OF PROTEINS INVOLVED IN INFLAMMATION, 4) LEUKOCYTOSIS |
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Term
| 131. _____ is a mediator of inflammation synthesized by endothelial cells and macrophages, it is a soluble free gas with a short half life. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| 132. There are 2 forms of nitric oxide which are _____ and _____. |
|
Definition
| CONSTITUTIVE AND INDUCIBLE |
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|
Term
| 133. What is the action of nitric oxide? |
|
Definition
| IT IS A VASODILATOR AND A CYTOTOXIC FREE RADICAL |
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|
Term
| 134. _____ is a very potent and versatile mediator of inflammation synthesized by all inflammatory cells, endothelial cells, and injured tissues. |
|
Definition
| PLATELET ACTIVATING FACTOR (PAF) |
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|
Term
| 135. PAF is derived from _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1) INCREASED PERMEABILITY, 2) VASODILATION, 3) PLATELET AGGREGATION, 4) INCREASED ARACHIDONIC ACID METABOLISM, 5) INCREASED LEUKOCYTE ADHERENCE |
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