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Anatomy
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05/05/2012
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Term
1.     _____ is a state in which an individual is capable of mounting an immune response to a specific antigen.
 Definition
IMMUNOLOGIC TOLERANCE
Term
2.     _____ is the lack of responsiveness to an individuals own antigens underlying our ability to live in harmony with our own cells and tissues.
 Definition
SELF-TOLERANCE
Term
3.     _____ is a self-tolerance mechanism when there is apoptosis of self-reactive lymphocytes during their maturation within the thymus and bone marrow.
 Definition
CENTRAL TOLERANCE
Term
4.     Central-tolerance occurs through _____.
 Definition
NEGATIVE SELECTION
Term
5.     _____ is a self-tolerance mechanism that acts as a back-up mechanism that silences auto reactive T-cells.
 Definition
PERIPHERAL TOLERANCE
Term
6.     If you have an autoimmune disorder you are likely to have _____.
 Definition
OTHER AUTOIMMUNE CONDITIONS
Term
7.     _____ is a classic example of an organic specific autoimmune disorder.
 Definition
TYPE 1 DIABETES MELLITUS
Term
8.     3 examples of a generalized or systemic autoimmune disease.
 Definition
SLE, SJOGREN SYNDROME, SCLERODERMA
Term
9.     _____ are the chief cells that act in peripheral tolerance in silencing auto reactive T-cells.
 Definition
REGULATORY T CELLS
Term
10.  _____ is a loss of mature lymphocyte surface antigens in the peripheral circulation that would have recognized antigens on other cells.
 Definition
ANERGY
Term
11.  Autoimmunity may be _____ or may be _____ or _____.
 Definition
ORGAN SPECIFIC; GENERALIZED OR SYSTEMIC
Term
12.  Autoimmunity is much more prevalent in women than men by a ratio of _____.
 Definition
0.42
Term
13.  _____ is a type II hypersensitivity reaction when the body makes self antibodies that attach the lungs and kidneys at the same time.
 Definition
GOODPASTURE’S SYNDROME
Term
14.  _____ is a type II hypersensitivity reaction when the body makes self antibodies that attack the thyroid gland making more thyroid hormone being secreted.
 Definition
GRAVES DISEASE
Term
15.  _____ is a type II hypersensitivity reaction when the body makes self antibodies that attach to acetylcholine receptors causing them to be blocked.
 Definition
MYASHENIA GRAVIS
Term
16.  5 important auto-immune diseases.
 Definition
1) SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSIS, 2) SJOGREN SYNDROME, 3) SYSTEMIC SCLEROSIS (SCLERODERMA), 4) RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS, 5) VASCULITIDES
Term
17.  _____ is a common autoimmune disease caused by an overproduction of B/plasma cells which secret antibodies against self antigens.
 Definition
STSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSIS
Term
18.  _____ is the butterfly rash associated with SLE.
 Definition
MALOR
Term
19.  Lupus is an example of _____ hypersensitivity reaction.
 Definition
TYPE 3 HYPERSENSITIVITY
Term
20.  What happens in the pathogenesis of SLE.
 Definition
AUTO-ANTIBODIES BIND WITH ANTIGENS IN CIRCULATION AND DEPOSIT IN TISSUES CAUSING ACTIVATION OF THE COMPLEMENT SYSTEM
Term
21.  The antibodies produced in SLE can be both _____ and _____.
 Definition
NUCLEAR AND NON-NUCLEAR
Term
22.  Are more females or males affected by SLE.
 Definition
FEMALES
Term
23.  What is the most important diagnostic criteria in identifying SLE?
 Definition
PRESENCE OF ANTI-NUCLEAR-ANTIBODY TO DOUBLE STRANDED DNA AND SMITH ANTIGEN
Term
24.  SLE is characterized by these 11 conditions.
 Definition
1) BUTTERFLY RASH ON FACE, 2) ARTHRITIS, 3) SEIZURES, 4) INJURY TO KIDNEYS AND SEROSAL MEMBRANES, 5) LYMPHANDENOPATHY, 6) HEMOLYTIC ANEMIA, 7) LEUKOPENIA, 8) ENDOCARDITIS, 9) MYOCARDITIS, 10) PERICARDITIS, 11) PLEURITIS
Term
25.  The most common cause of death from SLE is due to _____.
 Definition
BILATERAL KIDNEY FAILURE
Term
26.  _____ is an autoimmune disease characterized by symptoms resulting from immunologically mediated destruction of lacrimal and salivary glands.
 Definition
SJORGREN SYNDROME
Term
27.  Sjorgren syndrome causes both _____ and _____.
 Definition
DRY EYES AND DRY MOUTH
Term
28.  _____ is when sjorgren syndrome arises as an isolated disorder (just dry eyes or dry mouth).
 Definition
SICCA SYNDROME
Term
29.  What happens in the pathogenesis of sjorgren syndrome?
 Definition
CD4 T CELLS AND B CELLS INFILTRATE LACRIMAL AND SALIVARY GLANDS CAUSING FIBROSIS AND INFLAMMATION
Term
30.  75% of sjorgren syndrome patients have _____, which is a special type of IgM antibody, regardless of presenting symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis.
 Definition
RA FACTOR
Term
31.  To diagnose sjogren syndrome 2 antibodies are directed against ribonucleoprotein antigens which are _____ and _____, and they are associated with a more severe form of the disease.
 Definition
SS-A AND SS-B
Term
32.  4 clinical presentations of sjorgren syndrome.
 Definition
1) DRYING OF THE CORNEAL EPITHELIUM, 2) SALIVARY GLAND ENLARGEMENT, 3) DRYING CRUSTING NASAL MUCOSA, 4) EXTRAGLANDULAR INVOLVEMENT
Term
33.  Patients with sjorgren syndrome have a 40-fold increase of developing _____.
 Definition
LYMPHOMA
Term
34.  _____ is a chronic disease of unknown origin that causes an abnormal accumulation of scar tissue in the skin and organs with microvascular injury.
 Definition
SYSTEMIC SCLEROSIS
Term
35.  Systemic sclerosis is also called _____.
 Definition
SCLERODERMA
Term
36.  The trigger of systemic sclerosis is believed to be CD4 stimulation causing fibroblast growth with excessive _____ production.
 Definition
COLLAGEN
Term
37.  Systemic sclerosis begins in the skin, but progresses to _____.
 Definition
VISCERAL INVOLVEMENT
Term
38.  Death of systemic sclerosis is by these 4 mechanisms.
 Definition
1) RENAL FAILURE, 2) CARDIAC FAILURE, 3) PULMONARY INSUFFICIENCY, 4) INTESTINAL MALABSORPTION
Term
39.  Are more males or females affected by systemic sclerosis?
 Definition
FEMALES
Term
40.  _____ involvement of systemic sclerosis is most common.
 Definition
SKIN
Term
41.  _____ is associated with systemic sclerosis which is decreased vascularity to digits leading to ischemia to the distal extremities.
 Definition
RAYNAUDS PHENOMENON
Term
42.  5 skin conditions that occur during systemic sclerosis.
 Definition
1) DIFFUSE SCLEROTIC ATROPHY BEGINNING IN FINGERS AND EXTENDING TO THE ARM, NECK AND FACE, 2) SKIN THICKENING, 3) CLAW LIKE APPEARANCE OF FINGERS WITH LIMITED JOINT MOBILITY, 4) DRAWN FACIAL FEATURES, 5) RAYNAUDS PHENOMENON
Term
43.  2 musculoskeletal conditions associated with systemic sclerosis.
 Definition
1) INFLAMMATION OF THE SYNOVIUM WITH FIBROSIS, 2) SYMPTOMS MIMIC RA BUT WITHOUT JOINT DESTRUCTION
Term
44.  The _____ is affected in 90% of all systemic sclerosis cases.
 Definition
GI TRACT
Term
45.  3 GI symptoms associated with systemic sclerosis.
 Definition
1) ATROPHY AND FIBROUS CONNECTIVE TISSUE REPLACEMENT OF ESOPHAGEAL MUSLCES, 3) GI REFLUX, 3) LOSS OF MICROVILLI CAUSING MALABSORPTION SYNDROME
Term
46.  _____ abnormalities occur in 2/3 of patients with systemic sclerosis.
 Definition
RENAL ABNORMALITIES
Term
47.  The most prominent kidney abnormality that occurs in systemic sclerosis is deposition of collagen in the _____.
 Definition
VESSEL WALLS
Term
48.  _____and _____are the 2 primary abnormalities that occur in the lungs of patients with systemic sclerosis.
 Definition
PULMONARY HYPERTENSION AND INTERSTITIAL FIBROSIS
Term
49.  These 4 conditions occur in the heart of patients with systemic sclerosis.
 Definition
1) PERICARDITIS, 2) PERICARDIAL EFFUSION, 3) MYOCARDIAL FIBROSIS, 4) VASCULAR FIBROSIS
Term
50.  _____ is an immunodeficiency syndrome caused by a retrovirus.
 Definition
ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME (AIDS)
Term
51.  AIDS is caused by the _____ virus.
 Definition
HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS (HIV)
Term
52.  The HIV virus is this type of virus which transcribes RNA in reverse making DNA.
 Definition
RETROVIRUS
Term
53.  AIDS is characterized by profound immunosuppression that leads to these 3 things.
 Definition
1) OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTIONS, 2) SECONDARY NEOPLASMS, 3) NEUROLOGICAL MANIFESTATIONS
Term
54.  Most of the people living with aids are found in the country of _____.
 Definition
AFRICA
Term
55.  These 5 groups are at high risk for developing AIDS.
 Definition
1) HOMOS, 2) IV DRUG USERS, 3) TRANSPLACENTAL, 4) HAVING SEX IN HIGH RISK GROUPS, 5) BLOOD TRANSFUSIONS
Term
56.  These are the 3 primary cells involved in HIV infection.
 Definition
1) T-LYMPHOCYTES, 2) MACROPHAGES, 3) DENDRITIC CELLS
Term
57.  In an HIV infection there is a continuous productive infection of T-cells yielding lysis of _____.
 Definition
CD4 T-CELLS
Term
58.  In an affected individual, approximately 100 billion viral particles are produced a day, and 1-2 billion _____ are destroyed.
 Definition
CD4 T-CELLS
Term
59.  4 major abnormalities of immune function that occurs in AIDS.
 Definition
1) LYMPHOPENIA, 2) DECREASED T-CELL FUNCTION, 3) ALTERED MONOCYTE/MACROPHAGE FUNCTION, 4) DYSFUCTION OF HUMORAL IMMUNE SYSTEM
Term
60.  _____ is a decrease in lymphocyte count.
 Definition
LYMPHOPENIA
Term
61.  8 non-specific systems of AIDS.
 Definition
1) FEVER, 2) WEIGHT LOSS, 3) MYALGIAS, 4) FATIGUE, 5) DIARRHEA, 6) LYMPHADENOPATHY, 7) RASH, 8) WEIGHT LOSS
Term
62.  _____ are flu like symptoms that occur in AIDS patients.
 Definition
MYALGIAS
Term
63.  In the pathogenesis of AIDS, it goes from the _____ phase, to the _____ phase to _____.
 Definition
ACUTE PHASE, CHRONIC PHASE, FULL-BLOWN AIDS
Term
64.  The _____ phase of HIV is when the retrovirus has infected our body attacking out peyers patches, lymph nodes etc... When we first get infected with the virus.
 Definition
ACUTE PHASE
Term
65.  14 opportunistic infections associated with AIDS.
 Definition
1) CRYPTOCOCCAL MENINGITIS, 2) AIDS DEMENTIA, 3) CNS LYMPHOMA, 4) HERPES SIMPLEX, 5) CANDIDASIS, 6) PNEUMOCYSTIS CARINII, 7) MYCOBACTERIUM AVIUM INTRACELLULARE, 8) STAPHYLOCOCCUS, 9) HPV, 10) CRYPTOSPORIDIUM, 11) GIARDIA LAMBLIAM, 12) AIDS NEPHROPATHY, 13) KAPOSI SARCOMA, 14) B CELL LYMPHOMA
Term
66.  _____ is a major positive indicator of a patient with HIV.
 Definition
PERSISTENT GENERALIZED LYMPHADENOPATHY
Term
67.  The _____ phase of HIV is when we start to feel like shit.
 Definition
CHRONIC PHASE
Term
68.  In the _____ phase of HIV the viral particles begin to destroy our immune system causing a pronounced leukopenia, and having them become more susceptible to opportunistic infections.
 Definition
FULL BLOWN AIDS
Term
69.  When one has HIV infectivity, they have a 100 fold increase chance of developing _____.
 Definition
SECONDARY NEOPLASMS
Term
70.  In regards to AIDS, _____ play the biggest role in the associated neurological disorders.
 Definition
MACROPHAGES
Term
71.  3 causes of lymphadenopathy.
 Definition
1) INFECTION (TENDER), 2) CANCER (NON-TENDER), 3) OLD SCAR TISSUE (NON-TENDER)
Term
72.  _____ is the anorexia of dying.
 Definition
CACHEXIA
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