Term
| Name 5 different terms used for "aid". |
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Definition
| foreign aid, development assistance, development aid, development cooperation, official development assistance |
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Term
| What is the official term for aid? |
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Definition
| Official Development Assistance (ODA) |
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Term
| What does OECD stand for? |
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Definition
| Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development |
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Term
| What is the OECD's definition of ODA? |
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Definition
| Grants or loans to...developing countries which are undertaken by the official sector, with promotion of economic development and welfare as the main objective, at concessional financial terms (terms that are more favorable to the borrower than that of private sector loans). |
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Term
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Definition
| Technical cooperation and financial flows |
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Term
| What committee oversees the OECD's aid? |
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Definition
| Development Aid Committee |
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Term
| What does NOT count as ODA? |
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Definition
| private and religious philanthropy; aid to countries not on the OECD list of developing countries; grants, loans and credits for military purposes; transfer payments to private individuals; remittances; all commercial transactions |
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Term
| Name some "new" donors that are becoming involved in aid (both official and unofficial) |
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Definition
| Philanthro-capitalist IT billionaires (Gates Foundation, Hewlett Foundation, etc.); religious-based philanthrop in the Third World; non-DAC donors like Brazil, China, India, Qatar, and Thailand; new finance institutions in the Third World (Banco del Sur, DBSA, etc.) |
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Term
| True or False: "Aid is a huge enterprise that uses up vast amounts of taxpayer dollars.” |
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Definition
| False. ODA accounts for about 0.31% of donor countries’ GDP, or 31 cents of every $100 of income in donor countries |
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Term
| True or False: “Aid is very important for developing countries.” |
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Definition
| False. Aid is the smallest of financial flows to developing countries. FDI is three times bigger, remittances are twice as big. |
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Term
| Name some non-aid policies of developed countries that may influence the lives of the poor in developing countries. |
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Definition
| agricultural subsidies, intellectual property rights, trade policy, immigration policy, decisions on internal peace and security |
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Term
| What is the Commitment to Development Index? |
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Definition
| An index that measures the commitment of donor countries through their policies and actions on aid, trade, investment, security, environment, migration, technology. |
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Term
| What two questions should be asked when assessing aid effectiveness? |
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Definition
| What are the objectives of aid? And who/what benefits from aid? |
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Term
| Name some common objectives of aid. |
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Definition
| Economic and/or social development in poor countries, poverty reduction, commercial advantage, advancement of donor's geo-strategic interests, promotion of an ideology (fight against communism, against islam, against terrorism, etc.) |
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Term
| True or False: "Measuring aid effectiveness is a difficult task." Explain. |
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Definition
| True. There are many difficulties in measuring the effectiveness of any public policy. The measures of effectiveness are subjective and depend on who the intended beneficiaries are. There are also problems of attribution because of all the different sources of assistance in developing countries. Finally, it is difficult to measure qualitative goals, such as making a country more democratic, improving human rights conditions and empowering women. |
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Term
| True or False: "Using the 0.7% target of aid assistance is a good way to measure aid." |
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Definition
| False. 0.7% of GDP is an imput-based, not an output-based target. It does not measure results, or consider whether the aid is tied or untied. It ignores the way the aid is used and who the intended beneficiairies are. |
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Term
| True or False: "Donors have given Africa billions and it still hasn’t progressed; therefore aid has failed.” |
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Definition
| False. This statement makes the assumption that nothing else affected development in Africa, including non-aid action by donors. This is also a great generalization. Aid has seen great success and great failure. |
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Term
| What does "if it bleeds, it leads" mean? |
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Definition
| This is the journalistic bias towards issues that get a strong reaction out of readers/viewers. Bad news gets more prominence than good news. |
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Term
| What are some good ways to measure aid effectiveness? |
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Definition
| Evaluate individual aid programs and projects, do systemic studies on specific interventions, examine the circumstances of aid (what other forms of assistance are there in this area/for this project, who is involved, what are the goals?) |
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Term
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Definition
| economics + measurement, i.e. a mathematical/statistical approach to studying social and economic phenomena |
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Term
| What problem does econometrics address? |
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Definition
| The attribution problem of measuring aid effectiveness. |
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Term
| What is the Burnside-Collier-Dollar thesis? |
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Definition
| Aid is most effective if the recipient country’s policy and institutional framework is “right” (ie neo-liberal) |
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Term
| What is the most COMMON econometric result? |
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Definition
| Aid is positively associated with economic growth (McGillvray) |
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Term
| What is the most INTERESTING econometric result? |
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Definition
| Aid is effective in promoting growth depending on the (mis)match between the type of aid and the type of country (Mavrotas) |
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Term
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Definition
| Compression of time and space, interconnectedness of the world in various dimensions (economic, social, political), the linking of localities around the globe, enlargement of global communication, expansion of the world's economic linkages, intensification of a global consciousness, a continuing expansion of global capitalism |
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Term
| Who are the proponents of globalization? |
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Definition
| Human solidarity networks: one worldists, world federalists, cosmopolitans, international business and finance, exporters and importers, the IT industry, neo-liberals and libertarians |
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Term
| What are the promises of globalization? |
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Definition
| Freer movement of goods, people and capital; greater diversity, choice and freedom; freer exchange of ideas; potential for global (or at least international) cooperation |
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Term
| Whoa are the opponents of globalization? |
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Definition
| Reactionaries and traditionalists, nationalists (especially the national security industry), xenophobes, racists, anti-immigrants, northern trade unions, environmentalists, anti-capitalists, localists and communitarians |
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Term
| What is the case for anti-globalization? |
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Definition
| That globalization has led to greater inequality, environmental degradation, cultural and social homogenization, exploitation of the week by the strong, and that globalization is a neo-liberal project of the ruling class |
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Term
| What major thinkers talked about globalization before it became a fad in the late twentieth century? |
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Definition
| Adam Smith in 1776, Karl Marx and F. Engels in 1848, John Maynard Keynes in 1919, Fernand Braudel and the Annales School in the 1950s and 60s, Wallerstein in his Dependency Theory in the 70s and 80s |
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Term
| What is Noel Chomsky's take on globalization? |
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Definition
| We should not accept the term "anti-globalization", globalization has grown and become more intense (in IT, communications, financial flows, foreign investment, etc.), and the increase in capital flows has escalated astronomically in the last few years |
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Term
| True or False: "globalization has been a one-way street from North to South." |
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Definition
| False. The South has also influence the North (in culture, cuisine, religion, etc.) and there are lots of South-South interactions as wel (ex. Bollywood and Nollywood are based in two of the world's poorest countries) |
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Term
| What is the paradox of globalization? |
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Definition
| Even those who don't like globalization have to use its tools (ex. bin Laden in his video to the world about anti-globalization was wearing an American watch made with Swiss materials in China, and was carrying a Russian-made gun, and was filming a message that would be dispersed through globalized media systems on a japanese camera.) |
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Term
| What is the risk of globalization? |
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Definition
| Greater interrealtion means co-related risks, and therefore incredibly fragile systems. |
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Term
| "The international financial system is an anarchy!" Exlpain this. |
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Definition
| International system is not analagous to domestic state; there is no guarantor of law or contract, no monopoly of force; states are interested in survival in a self-help system; international organizations (IOs) represent a form of voluntary cooperation; and there are other forms of international interactions, e.g. bilateral cooperation, force. |
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Term
| Why do nations join and cooperate in international cooperations? |
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Definition
| Self-interest, gains from cooperation (neo-liberalism); to solve global problems that individual states cannot solve alone (liberal internationalism); “hegemons” use IOs as forums for projection of their power (international realism); “the weak in the world of the strong” use IOs to protect and promote their individual & collective interests (intl realism and bargaining theory); to change international norms and values (constructivism). |
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Term
| True or False: "IFIs are the only forum for international cooperation." |
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Definition
| False. There are many others. For example: OECD, EU, UN, NATO, G8, G20 |
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Term
| What are the world's two biggest IFIs? |
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Definition
| The World Bank and the International Monetary Fund |
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Term
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Definition
| The IMF deals with countries in temporary balance of payments problems, i.e. those who can’t pay their international debts |
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Term
| What does the World Bank do? |
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Definition
| The World Bank provides long-term development lending, for projects and sector reforms (infrastructure, agriculture, health, etc.) |
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Term
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Definition
| A conference that took place in the USA in 1944 with the major world leaders, and a new world order was established, along with the establishement of the IMF, the World Bank, and the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) |
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Term
| What was the original purose of the IMF? |
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Definition
| The IMF was originally created to reduce the potential for a depression after WWII, to adress market failures and act internationally as a central bank would inside a country. |
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Term
| What is the 6 official stated goals of the IMF? |
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Definition
| 1. to promote international monetary cooperation; 2. to facilitate the expansion and balanced growth of international trade and to contribute to the promotion and maintenance; of high levels of employment and real income and to the development of the productive resources of all members; 3. to promote exchange stability, to maintain orderly exchange arrangements, and to avoid competitive exchange depreciations; 4. to establish a multilateral system of payments; 5. 5. To give confidence to members by making the resources of the Fund temporarily available to them under adequate safeguards; and 6. to shorten the duration and lessen the degree of disequilibrium in the international balances of payments. |
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Term
| How does governance work in the IMF? |
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Definition
| Each member country pays a "quota" which constitutes a pool of money, determines special drawing rights, and established voting power. Currently, the USA has a veto with 17%. Board decisions are made by consensus. The Managing Director is traditionally European, and the staff are mostly economists. |
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Term
| What is the conditionality lending system of the IMF? |
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Definition
| The IMF lends with conditions ("under adequate safeguards") to countries having balance of payment problems. Conditionality commonly includes: reduce gov. expenditure, tighten monetary policy, eliminate structural weaknesses, privatize state firms. The IMF, like all lenders, needs to approve the repayment schedule and plan. The conditionalities imposed by the IMF are criticized for being too "cookie cutter". The IMF is largely influenced by the US treasury. |
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Term
| What is the official name of the World Bank? |
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Definition
| The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development |
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Term
| What organizations fall under the World Bank Group? |
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Definition
| The International Development Association (est. 1968), the International Finance Corporation, and the Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency |
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Term
| What does the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development do? |
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Definition
| Lends to member governments at near commercial rates. |
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Term
| Who does the International Finance Corporation lend to? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Who does the International Development Association lend to? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does the Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency do? |
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Definition
| Promotes foreign investment by providing political risk-assurance to investors and lendors against non-commercial risks. |
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Term
| How is the World Bank governed? |
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Definition
| Each member country pays "subscriptions" that establish voting power. The USA currently holds the largest percentage of power (and a veto) with 15.5%. Voting power is periodically reallocated. Board decisions are made by consensus. The President of the World Bank is traditionally American. The staff are development specialists, economists, bankers, accountants, etc. |
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Term
| How does the World Bank work? |
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Definition
| The World Bank is a bank: it makes money by lending money and charging interest. It raises money through world markets through World Bank bonds, and borrows at the lowest rates possible, since it is backed by the governments of the world. It then lends money to poor countries at slightly better rates than commercial banks, and uses the difference to fund operations. |
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Term
| Who wanted the World Bank to be a knowledge bank? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are some concerns about Bank-IMF dominance? |
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Definition
| Longstanding criticism that the Bank and IMF programs are ineffective and/or unfair, concerns with lack of transparency, resistance of civil society to neo-liberal reforms, rise of alternative forms of development finance that are being ignored. |
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Term
| What has the World Bank learned about structural adjustment? |
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Definition
| It is best to use local knowledge, ownership, context matters, institutions and local capacity matter. |
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Term
| What are the big 4 regional development banks? |
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Definition
| African Development Bank, Asian Development Bank, Inter-American Development Bank, European Bank for Reconstruction and Development |
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Term
| What is the origin of the UN? |
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Definition
| 1944 Dumbarton Oaks Conference, in the USA, attended by the US, Russia, China and the UK. |
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Term
| The UN replaced the League of Nations as a platform for which three things? |
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Definition
| political diplomacy, security cooperation, and technical cooperation (in fields like health, labour, agriculture, postal service, telecommunications) |
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Term
| How many member states were originally in the UN? How many are there now? |
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Definition
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Term
| The UN Charter establishes which main organs? |
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Definition
| General assembly, security council, ECOSOC and other councils, Secretary General and the UN Secretariat |
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Term
| Which UN bodies were inherited from the League of Nations? |
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Definition
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Term
| Name some branches of the UN that have been established to address specific issues and groups of people. |
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Definition
| UNICEF in 1990 (children), UN Women in 2010, UNHCR 1950 (refugees), UNDP in 1960 (development) |
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Term
| UN organizations are divided by which four categories/criteria? |
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Definition
| process-based organizations (ie UNDP), client-group-based organizations (UNICEF, UNHCR), sector-based organizations (FAO, UNESCO, ILO, WHO), technology-based organizations (ICAO, ITU) |
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Term
| Why is the UN seen as more legitimate than IFIs? |
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Definition
| one-country-one-vote vs. one-share-one-vote, (near) universal membership, less ideologically rigid than IFIs, popular in developing world due to its association with decolonization, anti-apartheid stance, etc., Big exception: USA, esp. US right wing and Congress |
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Term
| What is the "bad reputation" of the UN? |
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Definition
| UN is too bureaucratic and ineffective, (yet all members fear giving the UN too much autonomy.) There is a gap between the UN's principles and its ability to deliver. |
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Term
| What are some systemic points of confusion among UN critics? |
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Definition
| UN as an administrative organ, UN as its member states |
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Term
| What are some examples of UN successes? |
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Definition
| Health (eradication of small pox, near eradication of polio and guinea worm), norm setting (human rights), standard setting (technical standards, definitions, measurements), important peace/state building agreements. |
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Term
| Name some limits on the autonomy of international organizations. |
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Definition
| official mandate, decisions made by governing bodies, global power structures, the wishes of the funders |
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Term
| Un agencies (such as the IFO, FAO, UNICEF) were created according to what kind of logic? |
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Definition
| technical functional logic |
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Term
| What does UNDP stand for? |
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Definition
| United Nations Development Program |
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Term
| What is the UNDP, who governs it and what is its purpose? |
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Definition
| The UNDP is the key development arm of the UN. It was established in 1965. The adminstrator is Helen Clark (ex PM of NZ), she is one of 36 on the board of governors. The UNDP offers grants (not loans) to development projects and provides technical assistance as well (advice, training, networking). |
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Term
| True or False: "The UNDP is more trusted by developing countries than IFIs." Explain. |
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Definition
| True. Because the UNDP programmes are "country-owned", it is viewed as neutral and more independent of western ideals. |
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Term
| How much does the UN spend every year? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are some examples of other multilateral organizations (other than the UN)? |
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Definition
| Commonwealth, Associationd de la Francophonie, Ibero-American Summit, African Union, UNASUR, Arab League, OIC, etc… |
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Term
| Define the "private sector" |
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Definition
| for-profit (commercial) organizations |
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Term
| What kinds of ownership structures can organizations of the private sector have? |
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Definition
| privately held, publicly owned, locally owned , foreign-owned, commercial parastatals, cooperatives, credit unions, etc.. |
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Term
| Explain the relationship between the private sector and the developmetn sector. |
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Definition
| They have a fraught relationship. DVM people tend to like cooperatives, micro credit, faire trade assocaitions, and small enterprises. DVM people want more (and better) regulation of the market). However there is a paradox because the DVM people have to use the MNC's tools. Business people find DVM people to be naive socialists (do-gooders). |
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Term
| True or False: "most people in the Third World work for MNCs." Explain. |
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Definition
| False. Most people in the 3rd world work for locally-owned, small and medium-sized enterprises. |
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Term
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Definition
| Multinational Corporation, alternatively called Multinational Enterprise (MNE) or Transnational Corporation (TNC). It is a firm with commercial activities in more than one country, usually through subsidiairy companies. |
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Term
| Why are MNCs contentious? |
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Definition
| There are many "behind the border" effects (or perceived effects) of MNCs. Health, environment, human rights, employment, cultural impacts, political influence, unethical behaviour, and economic influence are all areas of intense debate for MNCs. |
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Term
| What are some cultural impacts of MNCs? |
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Definition
| "Coca-cola culture", McWorld: homogenization of the world's culture into a western-influenced world culture. The spread of mass consumption culture, and western ways: junk food/fast food, "reality" tv, etc. Disruption of traditional cultures through displacement, physical violence, and intimidation. |
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Term
| What are some defenses of MNCs towards nay-sayers? |
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Definition
| Local companies (including parastatal firms) often have similarly bad records on pollution, workers’ rights, political interference, unethical behaviour. Nobody (including MNCs) have the monopoly on vice or virtue. Western MNCs tend to get more attention because we know them, and therefore pressure them more. |
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Term
| What are some advantages of properly managed MNCs? |
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Definition
| Much needed capital in poor regions, employment, innovation and new technology, competition for local monopolists, new tax revenue for the government. |
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Term
| How can we judge the developmental impact of MNCs? |
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Definition
| Impact on capital account, impact on current accounts, impact on government revenue, beneficial local spillovers, impacts on poverty and inequality, future prospects for improvement. |
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Term
| How does the bargainning process work between MNCs and governments? |
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Definition
| Before the MNC invests, it has the bargainning advantage. The two parties will bargain over the firm's contribution to the country's economic development. Once the MNC makes the investment, it becomes hostage to the state. The state will learn how to manage and regulate the industry. Some investments are more welcome than others (national security and national interest arguments). |
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Term
| What is the "triple bottom line"? |
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Definition
| Profit (responsibility to shareholders), people (responsibility to employees and the community), planet (carbon footprint, climate change, etc.) |
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Term
| What are the three views of civil society? |
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Definition
| Liberal, Gramscian and Technocratic |
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Term
| What is the liberal traidition of civil society? |
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Definition
| The liberal tradition is concerned with participation of CSOs in politics. It views CSOs as the safeguard of civil and political rights. |
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Term
| How does the Gramscian school view civil society? |
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Definition
| Civil society is a source of resistance against government, often holding radical ideology. |
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Term
| What is the technocratic view of civil society? |
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Definition
| Civil society is a residual (or negative) category of organizations: everything that is not the government (state) the market, or the family. Civil society, in this sense, is the "third sector". |
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Term
| Describe the centre-right version of civil society's role in DVM? |
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Definition
| Civil society represents stake-holders in the development process who deserve a voice and a role, and CSOs often play a role in implementing agents or "partners" for governments and aid agencies |
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Term
| Describe the social democratic version of civil society's role in DVM? |
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Definition
| Civil society Is a participatory and empowering force in development (bottom-up, not top-down) |
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Term
| What are the critiques of NGOs? |
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Definition
| Naïve do-gooders, NGOs are agents of foreign interference. |
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Term
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Definition
| Civil society undertakes actions in the public sphere, often issue-oriented, are sometimes based on a community or a social class (community associations, caste/ethno-lingustic associations, trade unions). Civil society and "social capital" determine norms that encourage cooperation and positive outcomes to social interaction. |
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Term
| Name the different types of CSOs. |
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Definition
| Non-Governmental Organizations, grassroots organizations or membership-based organizations, transnational advocacy networks, social movements, philanthropic foundations, religious groups, epistemic communities, global policy networks |
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Term
| True or False: "Civil society organizations are unselfish." |
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Definition
| False. They are not always selfish. There are some that mix private and public interests, others promote no public interest at all (criminal organizations, terrorist networks). |
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Term
| How is civil society a part of neo-liberal philosophy? |
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Definition
| Neo-liberals are like a small state, they are active and non-state actors that are needed to restrain the state. NGOs provide efficient delivery of services compared to corrupt, rent-seeking or predatory state. They are pluralistic and and have intrinsic and instrumental value. |
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Term
| How could civil society be considered a part of an alternative to development/postcolonialist? |
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Definition
| CSOs are an authentic voice of the people that represent the disempowered. They are the basis of resistance to neo-liberal globalisation and capitalism. |
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Term
| What aspects of civil society are generally agreed upon by the left and right? |
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Definition
| The grassroots knowledge that the CSOs provide is useful, and they keep the state in check (revolt against the corrupt, the ignorant, the class-dominated, etc.) |
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Term
| Explain why NGOs have grown in development. |
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Definition
| They are compatible with neo-liberal globalization, the retreat of the state, and they compensate from state withdrawal from social programs. They are also compatible with the idea of liberal democracy. NGOs offer improved development practice (through local knowledge and grassroots participation). Finally, global do-gooders can fun their projects. |
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Term
| What are the two roles of civil society organizations? |
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Definition
| operational role and public advocacy role. |
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Term
| What is the 'insider strategy' of civil society? |
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Definition
| To work with organizations in order to effect change. The idea that it’s best to be at the table when negotiations are happening in order to best represent society. |
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Term
| What is the 'outsider strategy of civil society? |
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Definition
| To publicly oppose policies through demonstrations, protest marches, anti-regime speeches, strikes, campaigns, petitions, use of the media, etc. Sometimes this is done legally, sometimes illegally. |
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Term
| Are donors and NGOs too close for comfort? Why or why not? |
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Definition
| Yes: donors are increasingly chanelling funding via NGOs, the reality is that the relationship between the two is more of a contractorship than a partnership. NGOs are losing their independent status and voice. |
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Term
| What are the three types of arguments in FAVOUR of Global Distribute Justice? |
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Definition
| Consequentialist arguments (P.Singer), Contractarian arguments (C.Beitz, T.Pogge), Rights-based arguments (H.Shue, OHCHR, ICISS) |
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Term
| What is the consequentialist argument for Global Distributive Justice? |
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Definition
| P. Singer's consequentialist argument is that we must act if we can improve outcomes, and that if we are responsible for the suffering of others, we have an obligation to act. |
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Term
| What is the contractarian argument for Global Distributive Justice? |
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Definition
| C. Beitz and T. Pogge both argue that an unjust international order should be changed. |
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Term
| What is the rights-based argument for Global Distributive Justice? |
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Definition
| H.Shue argues that everybody has the rights to an adequate quality of life, good health, social security, etc. just by virtue of being a human being (no discrination for any reason.) And where "home" states cannot guarantee these rights, others have to intervene. |
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Term
| What are the three arguments AGAINST Global Distributive Justice and who are their proponents? |
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Definition
| Communitarian (C. Taylor and M. Walzer), Libertarian (R. Nozick, P. Bauer and von Hayek), and Moralism (D.Moyo) |
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Term
| Explain the communitarian argument against global distributive justice. |
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Definition
| Moral discussions can only take place within a national community, and citizenship in a nation is the only source of moral obligation (rights, duties, reciprocity) |
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Term
| Explain the libertarian argument against global distributive justice. |
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Definition
| Individual freedom is paramount; the right to private property is of utmost importance and therefore redistribution is unjust. Just procedures are more important than just outcomes. This follows a neo-liberal ideology and believes in charity rather than state involvement. |
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Term
| Explain the moral argument against global distributive justice. |
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Definition
| Moyo's moralist argument is that charity has corruptive effects, and it is a moral hazard. |
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Term
| What is Sach's arguments for why we should engage in distributive justice (ethical) initiatives? |
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Definition
| It is the right thing to do (moral) - we have an obligation as the rich to help the poor. It helps us to get richer (economic argument), and poverty encourages instability which will negatively affect us all (security argument). |
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Term
| True or False: "Development can be done." |
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Definition
| True. The Marshall Plan worked, reconstruction after WWII was incredibly successful, there are many success stories in the third world (China, India, Brazil, etc.). The Western publics are more willing to support foreign aid than is reported. With the right leadership, it is possible (Blair & Brown.) |
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Term
| How can we make development happen? |
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Definition
| Have NGOs put pressure on governments, combine enlightened self-interest (security, prosperity) with morality arguments, and make liberal and conservative alliances around what is right. |
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Term
| Development is the realization of which four key ideas of the Enlightenment? |
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Definition
| Jefferson, Locke, et al.: political institutions serve the common good (safety and happiness). Smith: economic system to meet human needs. Kant: global peace through effective world government. De Condorcet: emancipatory possibilities of technology. |
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Term
| Who said: "First they ignore you, then they laugh at you, then they fight you, then you win"? |
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Definition
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Term
| What were the major periods in development and international affairs from WWII onwards? |
|
Definition
| 1945-1950: post-war restructuration, 1950-1960: the golden years, 1960-1970: the rise of military dictatorships, 1970s: debt-led growth, 1980s: the lost decade, 1989-91: the collapse of socialism |
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|
Term
| What do GNP and GDP stand for? |
|
Definition
| Gross National Product and Gross Domestic Product |
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Term
| What things must empowerment strategies consider? |
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Definition
| internal attitudes, interconnectedness of different initiatives and levels of action, material and discursive constraints |
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Term
| What are the 5 steps of Rostow's economic modernization theory? |
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Definition
| traditional society > pre-conditions for take-off > take-off > road to maturity > age of mass consumption |
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Term
| What is Gender and Development based on? |
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Definition
| the concept that women have been assigned inferior and secondary roles which has created unequal power relationships between men and women. |
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Term
| What has been the main critique of Sen's view? |
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Definition
| It's too individualistic. |
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Term
| "Sen's capabilities approach is a concept of "freedom" that involves both processes and entitlements. Explain this. |
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Definition
| Civil and political rights (processes) and opportunities (entitlements) are the elements that increase freedoms like education, health care and increase people's ability to lead fulfilling lives. |
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Term
| What is the main problem with multidimensional poverty as a measure of development? |
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Definition
| It is too difficult to measure (how do you measure happiness?) |
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Term
| What view suggests that poverty is about more than income, but rather about social impotence and powerlessness? |
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Definition
| The social exclusion view. |
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Term
| What is the point of departure of the Women in Development approach? What is the solution? |
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Definition
| Economic development has not trickled down to women enough, and the economy benefits men disproportionately. The WID solution is to start programs targeting women and/or add a women's component to existing programs. |
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|
Term
| According to the dependency theory, what limits development? |
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Definition
| Development is structurally limited by capitalism. Periods of development can only occur when satellites are delinked from the metropoles. |
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Term
| Who are the two main thinkers of the dependency theory? |
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Definition
| Gunder Frank and Immanuel Wallerstein |
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Term
| Who is responsible for the poverty of individuals? |
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Definition
| Individuals, communities, and society as a whole. |
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Term
| How does marxism view capitalism? |
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Definition
| As a revolutionary force in world history: progressive at first, then retrogressive. |
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Term
| What was the Millenium Summit? |
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Definition
| A summit held in September 2000 that was the biggest gathering of heads of state in human history. The most important product of the summit was the MDGs. |
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Term
| Many links with colonizers still remain in newly independent countries. Name some. |
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Definition
| Export-oriented economy, culture, language, education system, foreign aid, military cooperation, neo-colonialism |
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Term
| How many people currently live in absolute poverty? How many live in moderate poverty? |
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Definition
| 1.3 billion people live in absolute poverty, and 1.6 billion live in moderate poverty. |
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Term
| WWI, the Great Depression, and WWII caused breaks in relationship between developed and developing countries. What was the result of this? |
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Definition
| The lack of traded products between the two caused the developing countries to industrialize and to begin producing consumer goods. |
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Term
| How many children are currently out of school according to UNICEF? |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Promoted local industry (premised on low wages and high tariffs), protected "infant industry", aimed to improve from consumer goods to capital goods, improved efficiency, and saw the rise of the developmental state. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A reverend, wrote the Essay of the Principles of Population. His theory is that population grows geometrically while food production rises arithmeticaly, therefore growth of the human population will lead to starvation, famine, increased poverty, misery, etc. |
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Term
| What does the dependency theory focus on? |
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Definition
| Post-independence economic relations as a continuation of capitalism |
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|
Term
| What is socialism, according to Sutton and Zaimeche? |
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Definition
| One-party rule, egalitarian goals, state-owned means of production, collectivized agriculture, and a command economy. |
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Term
| What are the three strands of the mdoernization theory and who are their proponents? |
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Definition
| Sociological modernization (Parsons and Hoselitz), Psychological modernization theory (by McClelland), and the economic modernization theory (Rostow) |
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|
Term
| What were the effects of industrialization? |
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Definition
| raised living standards, urbanization, changing gender roles, specialization (divison of labour), power, global expansionism and imperialism. |
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|
Term
| Discuss the differences between absolute and relative poverty. |
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Definition
| Absolute poverty: measured by income level, quantitative, follows a poverty line, is used universally. Relative poverty: measured in relation to others, quantitative and qualitative, used mostly in developed countries, the left's way of making sure the poor are always with us. |
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|
Term
| What are the strengths and weaknesses of using economic growth as a measure of development? |
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Definition
| Strengths: comparable data across countries and over time, income is related to (average) poverty, the size of a country's economy matters. Weaknesses: it excludes non-market transactions, there is no tell of distribution of income, and it fails to consider the social factors of development. |
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|
Term
| What was Wallerstein's theory and what did it postulate? |
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Definition
| The World Systems Theory. It postulates that every state is either part of the core, the semi-periphery or the periphery. In this theory, countries can change their position, however the economy always needs each of the three types to be present. |
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Term
| What solution does GAD prescribet and what is the main problem? |
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Definition
| The solution is to instigate action among grassroots organizations, while also targeting states and holding them to their responsibility of providing social services and legal rights. The problem is that its solutions are not easily adopted in development projects. |
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|
Term
| What did Import Substitution Industrialization do to correct market problems? |
|
Definition
| Introduced the activist state, created state enterprises and rationed credit. |
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|
Term
| What country was the most technologically advanced in 1500? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| True or False: The East-Asian Tigers developed by not eliminating international competition during ISI. |
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Definition
| True. The governments were able to keep efficiency levels high and prices were always relevant. Basically they used a balance between ISI and export-orientation strategies. |
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|
Term
| What was the "East Asian Miracle" report? |
|
Definition
| A report by the World Bank, commissioned by the Japanese, that revealed the state's activist, interventionist role in the country's development. This was controversial because it went against the World Bank's neo-liberalist ideology. |
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|
Term
| What is the intellectual case for neoliberalism based on? |
|
Definition
| The idea that the state cannot make better decisions than indiviudals, and freer market economies develop faster. |
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Term
| Neo-liberalism explained all the problems of development in terms of state "imperfections", especially which two pathologies? |
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Definition
| The rent-seeking state (officials using state intervention to extract 'rents' from the people), and the predatory state (the state that preys on society to extract a surplus.) |
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|
Term
| The fall of socialism gave way to what ideology? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What accounts for poor performance in economic development? |
|
Definition
| State failure (neo-liberal view), or market failure (struturalist/heterdox economists' view) |
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|
Term
| What forms of intervention were used in colonial states? |
|
Definition
| taxes, forced labour, compulsory crop production |
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|
Term
| What were the two purposes of the colonial state? |
|
Definition
| to manage interactions between international capitalism and local production and to control the indigenous population (through political control, military, etc.) |
|
|
Term
| What is 'official nationalism'? |
|
Definition
| A conscious policy linked to imperial interests. It reflected the colonialist mentality. |
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|
Term
| What was the purpose of the European State and what did it require? |
|
Definition
| The purpose was to fight wars, which required a skilled and healthy workforce, technological development, military organization, discipline, administrative competence and loyalty from the people. |
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|
Term
| Who said: "States make war and war makes states"? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the three roles of the state in development? |
|
Definition
| The state as an actor/agent of development, the state as an obstacle to growth and development, or the state as an observation of the history of the European State |
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|
Term
| Finish this sentence: A state is an entity with a monopoly over the means of force within a designated …. |
|
Definition
| territory that it controls, enjoying public support from the majority of the population. |
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|
Term
| Who was disproportionately disadvantaged by SAPs? |
|
Definition
| Women. As a result, health problems got worse and school enrollement rates dropped. |
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|
Term
| What are EPZs and what is the contradition that surrounds them? |
|
Definition
| Export Processing Zones. The contradiction is whether they are exploitatitve or empowering. |
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|
Term
| Which development agencies have adopted empowerment as an approach of development? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does the Gender and Development view women, and what are its roots? |
|
Definition
| GAD appreciates women as agents of change. It finds its roots in socialist feminism and takes a holistic perspective on women's contributions to society. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Social, economic and political structures. It is potentially a radical challenge to the status quo. |
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|
Term
| True or False: Men are present in the GAD analysis. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| According to the dependency theory, what limits development? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the three theoretical approaches concerning women in the field of development? |
|
Definition
| Women in Development, Women and Development, Gender and Development |
|
|
Term
| What does the UNDP's Gender Inequality Index look at? |
|
Definition
| Reproductive health (maternal mortality, adolescent fertility), empowerment (parliamentary representation, educational atteinment) and labour roles (labour force production) |
|
|
Term
| What are the three main roles of women? |
|
Definition
| Reproductive, Productive and Social |
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|
Term
| What is the difference between sex and gender? |
|
Definition
| Sex is biological, gender is socially constructed |
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|
Term
| Which scholars reject totalizing and universalizing knowledge? |
|
Definition
| Post-development scholars |
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|
Term
| Which theory of development sees "development" as a discourse, language as a way of understanding social reality, and knowledge as a social construct? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the structuralist and heterodox view of economics? |
|
Definition
| They believe that inequality matters deeply and that economists need to be sensitive to social conditions. |
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|
Term
| What swept through the developing world in the 60s and 70s? |
|
Definition
| Military coup d'etats, though they would have been removed due to economic incompetence. |
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|
Term
| What was the result of the mobilization and radicalization of the working class in Latin America? |
|
Definition
| A backlash from conservative forces fearful of socialist revolution. Conservative forces often relied on military support. |
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|
Term
| How does McClelland see modernization? |
|
Definition
| McClelland's psychological modernization theory believes that psychological factors are important for growth, particularly the "need for development". |
|
|
Term
| What is the sociological modernization theory? |
|
Definition
| A theory that sees development as economic progress that is accompanied by a change in social structure, culture and values. |
|
|
Term
| What is the modernization theory? |
|
Definition
| The idea that that development is the evolution from traditional society to modern society (changes in values, economy, etc.) It emerged in the 50s and 60s and was theoretically linked to the Marshall Plan and the Cold War. |
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|
Term
| What were the results of the Washington Consensus in developing countries? |
|
Definition
| Reforms in the developing countries' poverty, unemployment and inequality. |
|
|
Term
| What market the end of the socialist option? |
|
Definition
| The fall of the Berlin Wall and the subsequent breaking of the USSR. |
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|
Term
| What types of policies were found in the Washington Consensus? |
|
Definition
| policies of fiscal discipline, tax reform, privitization, liberalization, de-regulation and increased competition. |
|
|
Term
| What is relative poverty? |
|
Definition
| The relative poverty of one person in relation to society. Eg. earning less than half the GNP per capita. Relative poverty is not only about income but social condiitons as well. |
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|
Term
| What are the critiques of the post-development perspectives? |
|
Definition
| Post-development discourse is often vary vague about what "good" looks like, there is impenetrable verbiage, it posits no project and adresses no agent, preesnsts a romantiv view of pre-modern societies, etc. |
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|
Term
| When did the imperialist system collapse? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does marxism view development? |
|
Definition
| Believes that development is a systemic process of economic, social, and political change. |
|
|
Term
| What are the economic, political and moral justifications for colonialism? |
|
Definition
| economic: commercial reasons, need for new markets, raw materials. Political: european military, increased competition, the power of the state. Moral: the white man's burden, "la mission civilisatrice", etc… |
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|
Term
| What are some critiques of the modernization theory? |
|
Definition
| It's etiological, doesn't account for differences in cultures and countries, euro-centric, doesn't acknowledge the role of colonialism, too simplistic and rigid, lacks an understanding of political power |
|
|
Term
| What are some reasons for why the "West" grew faster than the "rest"? |
|
Definition
| Inherent superiority, better institutions, climate, embrace of science and technology, more open societies, pure chance, exploitation of others, risk-taking, religion, capitalism |
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|
Term
| Who said: "(Development) has always been propelled by classes and groups interested in a new economic and social order…it has always been market by more or less violent… it has never been a smooth, harmonious process." ? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| For the hard core dependency theorists, what is the only policy option? |
|
Definition
| Break the chain of reliability, dependency and exploitation. |
|
|
Term
| Women and Development is based on what kind of feminism? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the relation to society measure? |
|
Definition
| How much relative autonomy a government has. |
|
|
Term
| What are the problems with the Women and Development approach? |
|
Definition
| It is mostly concerned with production and exploitation, it downplays the domestic role, it focused on a common front against class inequality and downplayed any differences. It was als impossibilistic. |
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|
Term
| What does the professional apparatus? |
|
Definition
| The "capacity" of a bureaucracy. |
|
|
Term
| What theory of development emerged from the Third World? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When did the west start growing faster than the rest. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What's the "Bottom Billion"? |
|
Definition
| Paul Collier's book that outlines his view of world poverty: 1 billion people live in high income countries, 4 billlion people live in countries that have experienced recent social and economic change, 1 billion people live in poor countries that hve made little progress. |
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|
Term
| What are some alternatives to the term "third world"? |
|
Definition
| Less developed countries (LDC's), developing countries, poor countries, lower income countries. |
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|
Term
| Name the characteristics of First, Second and Third world. |
|
Definition
| First: rich, industrialized, capitalist. Second: socialist/communist or post-communist. Third: non-aligned, usually developing countries. |
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|
Term
| What is the structure of neo-patrimonialism? |
|
Definition
| A two-tier structure: bureaucratic at the top and customary patrimonial authority at the bottom |
|
|
Term
| What are some policy prescriptions of post-development? |
|
Definition
| new social movements (feminist, green, community-based), cooperatives, faire trade, local economy, alternative lifestyles |
|
|
Term
| What's the worst case-scenario for poverty reductino? |
|
Definition
| low income and high inequality |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A state of deprivation, destitution, a poverty line that represents the dollar value of goods and services needed for basic survival. The food poverty line/absolute poverty line is less than $1.25 a day. The moderate poverty line is less than $2.50 a day. |
|
|
Term
| What is income poverty? What are the two forms of income poverty? |
|
Definition
| Income poverty is the lack of purchasing power. The two forms are absolute and relative. |
|
|
Term
| What is the struturalist/heterodox critique of economic development? |
|
Definition
| Developing countries suffered from market imperfections that have to be corrected by the state, scarcity of capital (credit), weak entrepreneurial capacity and little risk-taking, monopoly/oligopoly (by foreign firms), absence of proper price signals |
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|
Term
| Who coined the term "Third World"? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What three things should development promote, according to Goulet? |
|
Definition
| life sustenance, self-esteem, freedom |
|
|
Term
| What are Sen's six conditions for the Realization of Human Potential? |
|
Definition
| adequate income, employment, improvement of income distribution, education, political participation, national autonomy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Human Development Index. It's a weighted average of a country's health (life expectancy), knowledge (adult literacy and gross school enrollment), and GDP per capita. |
|
|
Term
| Why is there so much inequality? |
|
Definition
| legacy of colonialism, inappropriate capital-intensive technology imported from industrialized countries, inadequate social safety nets and institutions |
|
|
Term
| What did Malthus fail to consider in his population theory? |
|
Definition
| He underestimated the impact of science and technology on agricultural production, settlement and cultivation of new lands, moer intensive exploitation of the biomass |
|
|
Term
| What is the theory behind Sen's Capability approach? |
|
Definition
| Wealth (income) is valuable in terms of what we can dow ith it and the substantive freedoms it accords us. |
|
|
Term
| What is the point of departure of Women in Development and what is the policy prescriptioin? |
|
Definition
| The point of departure is that global and national capitalism keep women in a position of being exploited. The solution is to improve global inequality so the suggested policy prescription is to improve income-generating possibilities for women. |
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|
Term
| What are the assumptions of WID and what are the problems? |
|
Definition
| Assumptions: based on liberal feminist approach, did not seriously question dominant theories of development, saw women as a fairly homogenous part of the population. Problems: programs may have added to the problem, did not recognize differences in women, difficulty of making an impact. |
|
|
Term
| Name some reasons why women are disadvantaged? |
|
Definition
| Legal barriers, domestic responsibilities, health burdens of many pregnancies and malnourishment, "missing women" due to sex-selective abortions, formal and informal discrimination, sexual violence, patriarchy |
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|
Term
| What are the typical WID programs and when were they popular? |
|
Definition
| integrating women into the public sphere, integrating women into cash economy through skills training and 'income generating activities', birth control, focus on women's role in alleviating family poverty and malnutrition, promote female education. |
|
|
Term
| What is the critique of the dependency theory? |
|
Definition
| Those who cut themselves off from the world economy don't do well economically and need repression to keep isolation going. Economic dysfunction of the ISIs are also important, and there is an argument about the rise of the East Asian Tigers that rose despite being dependent. |
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|
Term
| What are the main elements of Gunder Frank's "The Developmet of Underdevelopment" |
|
Definition
| underdevelopment is not an original condition; world capitalism is the cause of both development and underdevelopment; core countries exploit the periphery through "unequal exchange"; chains of metropoles (cities) and satellites (rural) patterns. |
|
|
Term
| What were dysfunctions of import substitution industrialization? |
|
Definition
| Deficits to import of capital goods, high wages led to inflation, generated stop-start economic cycles, strengthened the middle class |
|
|
Term
| What were the developmental consequences of colonialism and imperialism in Latin America. |
|
Definition
| Defeat of indigenous peoples, demographic decline, economy based on natural ressources that were exported to Europe, labour shortage and repressive oganization (slavery, peasantry, etc.) and inequality |
|
|
Term
| What were the four phases of colonialism? |
|
Definition
| 1500-1650: crisis of feudalism and the beginnig of expansion, 1650-1800: merchants, slaves and plantations, 1800-1914: era of capitalism and imperialism, 1945-present: imperialism without colonies |
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|
Term
| What are Structural Adjustment Programs? |
|
Definition
| Lending programs of the IMF financed by the World Bank that would bail out indebted countries IF they reduced price controls, liberalized trade, and reduced the role of the state. |
|
|
Term
| Why was Britain the first industrial society? |
|
Definition
| relatively open society, strong institutions protecting property rights, rise of the middle class, scientific revolution, on major trade routes, national security, freedom from energy constraints |
|
|
Term
| What was the lost decade? |
|
Definition
| The 1980s in Latin America. They had borrowed heavily in the 60s and 70s to finance account imbalances. But when the oil crisis of 79 hit, interest rates made it hard for developing countries to service debts. Debts obligations forced cutbacks in other spending in the developing world, which caused a major crisis and led to structural adjustment. |
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|
Term
| Sen's list of freedoms that improve and enrich human life include… |
|
Definition
| avoiding starvation and illness, being literate and numerate, political participation and uncensored speech |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Economic view: economic growth per capita. UN view: the reduction of poverty, meeting the MDGs. Individual level: improving people's capabilities. Societal Level: a multidimensional process involving major social changes in social structures, popular attitudes, etc. |
|
|
Term
| Who are the key thinkers of the marxist development theory? |
|
Definition
| Paul Baran, Bill Warren, Theresa Hayter, G. Kay |
|
|
Term
| True or False: According to Sachs, development is a zero-sum game. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Who said that nations are imagined communities that encase themselves as states? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the most commonly used measure of development? |
|
Definition
| National income per capita |
|
|
Term
| What are the 5 key features of states? |
|
Definition
| Security, identity and cohesion, both an agent and a structure, bureaucratic institutions (administrative and legal), a duly elected government |
|
|
Term
| Who conceived multidimensional poverty? |
|
Definition
|
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