Birth

Awareness of dark and light

Newborn

Visual interest: face 8-12 inches away 

Central fixation

Eyes tend to drift

2 weeks

Intermittent fixation

4 weeks

Follows moving objects

6 weeks

Fixates and follows moving objects 

or parent's movements

Lacrimation

8 weeks

4 months

Inspects hands and small held objects

vision 20/300

6 months

Retrieves small objects

hand-eye coordination appears

eye color established

9 months

Binocular vision clearly established

beginning of depth perception

12 months

Looks at pictures with interest

Fusion established

Vision 20/180

18 months

Convergence established

visual localization peripherally poor

2 years

Accommodation well developed

vision 20/40

Binocular vision and depth perception developed

in healthy eye

Visual acuity should be 20/40 to 20/50 at what age?

a. infant

b. toddler

c. preschool

d. school-age

Visual acuity should be 20/30 by what age?

 a. infant

b. toddler

c. preschooler

d. school-age

When should infant be able to fully 

fixate and follow an object?

 a. 2-3 months

b. 3-4 months

c. 4-5 months

b. 3-4 months

Refractive error is common beginning at what age?

 a. 3 years old

b. 5 years old

c. 7 years old

d. 9 years old

d. 9 years old

Bilateral optic disc edema, or papilledema is 

associated with:

 a. increased intracranial pressure

b. retinal hemorrhage

c. hyperthyroidism

d. congential cataracts

a. increased intracranial pressure

A whitish opacity of the pupil visible in dim light or 

in room light is a presenting sign of:

 a. congenital cataract

b. retinoblastoma

c. coloboma

d. a&b 

Visual acuity testing begins at age:

 a. 1-2 years with allen cards

b. 2-3 years with allen cards

c. 3-4 years with snellen tumbling e

b. 2-3 years with allen cards

Triad of symptoms in 30% of infants: photophobia,

epiphoria(excessive tearing), and blepharospasm(eyelid squeeze) 

 a. pterygium

b. scleral icterus

c. congenital cataracts

d. congenital glaucoma

d. congenital glaucoma

Inflammation of the nasolacrimal sac; swelling and redness occur around lacrimal sac in area of inner canthus:

 a. conjunctivitis

b. lacrimal duct obstruction

c. dacryocystitis

Abnormal tearing pattern; upward pressure on lacrimal sac yields mucoid discharge:

 a. conjuntivitis

b. lacrimal duct obstruction

c. dacryocystitis

Overgrowth of conjuctival tissue extending from the lateral canthus to cornea; overexposure to sun and contant dust/enviornmental irritants:

 a. conjunctivitis

b. pterygium

c. dacryocystitis

b. pterygium

Solid intraocular tumor; presents as abnormal red light reflex in newborn or white pupillary reflex in infant, proptosis or protruding eye bulb:

 a. congenital glaucoma

b. pterygium

c. retinoblastoma

c. retinoblastoma

Referral is indicated if visual testing yields how much difference in refraction between eyes:

a. > 10 difference

b. >20 difference

c. > 30 difference

b. > 20 difference

When should you not refer for strabismus?

a. newborn

b. infant

c. toddler

d. preschooler

a. newborn

A mononuclear loss of vision due to insufficient visual stimulation during critical period of visual development:

a. amblyopia

b. strabismus

c. nystagmus

d. pseudoestropia

a. amblyopia

A nonbinocular vision or non alignment of the eyes causing visual image to fall in the retina at a distance from the fovea: 

a. amblyopia

b. strabismus

c. nystagmus

d. pseudoestropia

b. strabismus

keeps eyes from working simultaneously and disrupts visual fusion

causes double vision and loss of depth perception 

Spontaneous, involuntary movement of one or both eyes and an indication of poor visual acuity 

a. amblyopia

b. strabismus

c. nystagmus

d. pseudoestropia

c. nystagmus

Can be indicative of -

preterm: retinopathy of prematurity, intracranial hemmorhage, tumor

term: down syndrome, atrophy of optic nerve, congenital cataracts, abnormalities of ocular muscles or nerves, vestibular disturbances, decreased visual acuity

adolescent: drug overdose or chemical toxicity

What determines the clarity of the posterior chamber of the eye, the receptivity to light, and the sensitivity of the retina to visual stimulus?

a. corneal light reflex

b. cover-uncover test

c. red light reflex

What tests evaluate for ocular alignment?

a. red light reflex and cover-uncover

b. red light reflex and corneal light reflex

c. cover-uncover and corneal light reflex

How do you test for strabismus? 

a. red light reflex and cover test

b. cover test and corneal light reflex

c. corneal light reflex and red light reflex