Term
| Maximalist and Minimalists |
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Definition
| 9. maximalists always exagerrate the extent of a problem... the minimalists always downplay it. the truth is somewhere in the middle usually and victimologists usually start to do research to get to the bottom of it |
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Term
| Types of missing children |
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Definition
stranger abductions: taken by a stranger or acquaintance (non-relative)
family abductions: taken by a relative (often the non-custodial parent)
runaways: run away from home – likely that they will return eventually
throwaways: expelled from their homes by angry or neglectful parents (20% of homeless youngsters had actually been thrown out).
temporarily lost: usually very young, and temporarily get lost – or are injured and don’t know how to contact family… OR adolescents who fail to clearly communicate their plans with their parents. |
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Term
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Definition
Colonial era – 1875: minimal child protection
For centuries, parents were allowed to beat their children as they saw fit = “disciplining”
Some prosecutions & some removals for abuse
Corporal punishment of youngsters legitimized as necessary, and possibly ESSENTIAL, technique of child-rearing.
House of Refuge Movement
1875 – 1962: The Child Savers Movement
New York Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children founded in 1875.
Fear that abuse in childhood would lead to lawbreaking later in life.
1962 – Present:
1960’s, pediatric radiologists
Attention brought to Battered Child Syndrome—: “cyclical pattern of excessive force perpetrated by parents who themselves were abused
Between 1962 and 1966: laws forbidding parents from abusing their children were passed across all 50 States.
Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act of 1974 (CAPTA)
Prohibits maltreatment in all its guises (neglect, emotional, physical and sexual abuse)
Child protection agencies nationwide
Mandated reporting laws |
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Term
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Definition
Child may testify via CCTV
Hearsay Rule exceptions
Use of dolls, etc |
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Term
| barriers to leaving a relationship |
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Definition
Economic Restrictions
Sociological Restrictions
Psychological Restrictions |
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Term
| rationalizations for staying |
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Definition
Appeal to salvation of an ethic
Denial of the Victimizer
Denial of Injury
Denial of Victimization
Denial of Options
Appeal to Higher Loyalties |
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Term
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Definition
| 3. The SARP (Spousal Abuse Replication Project) tried to replicate the Minneapolis Domestic Violence Experiment (which had found that MANDATORY ARREST for domestic violence was more effective than any other response). They tried to replicate in 6 cities. In three cities, they found a deterrent effect, in the other three they did not, but importantly they found a backfire effect (while mandatory arrest initially deterred violence in the first few months, one year later there was actually MORE violence in househols where an arrest had taken place |
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Term
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Definition
Traumatic event is PERSISTENTLY REEXPERIENCED
Persistent AVOIDANCE OF STIMULI associated with the trauma and numbing of general responsiveness
Persistent symptoms of INCREASED AROUSAL |
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Term
| Stockholm Syndrome- things that lead to it |
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Definition
The presence of a perceived threat to one’s physical or psychological survival and the belief that the abuser would carry out the threat.
The presence of a perceived small kindness from the abuser to the victim
Isolation from perspectives other than those of the abuser
The perceived inability to escape the situation |
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Term
| internation vs domestic terrorism |
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Definition
| 1. domestic terrorism is that it is much more common than international terrorism (although international gets more attention)... from the Parker study, you should remember that right wing extremists are quite precise in what they do... they tend to choose specific or representative victims and they almost always hit primary targets |
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Term
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Definition
| 1. that there were three Palermo Protocols signed in 2000 in Palermo Italy... one focused on trafficking, another on human smuggling, and the third on trafficking in weapons. |
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Term
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Definition
Together these laws increase penalties to a maximum of 30 years in prison for engaging in CST.
Since the passage of the PROTECT Act, there have been over 20 indictments and over a dozen convictions of child sex tourists.
PROTECT Act also created Amber Alert and Code Adam |
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Term
| punitive vs compensatory damages |
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Definition
| 1. Punitive damages are those damages awarded so as to PUNISH the defendant. So you might get compensatory damages to COMPENSATE you for all your injuries, medical bills, etc... you might get PECUNIARY damages to make up for lost income (when you missed work because you were so depressed about your victimization), and punitive damages are civil courts way of PUNISHING the offender (remember they cannot impose jail time or any other punishent, so they make them pay out to punish them). |
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Term
| Missing children- stereotypical kidnapping |
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Definition
| ONLY ABOUT 100 missing children per year are missing as a result of STEREOTYPICAL KIDNAPPINGS... so even though we hear an awful lot about cases where a stereotypicaly kidnapping has taken place, these are actually VERY RARE events! that is the most important stat. |
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Term
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Definition
| 1. NEGLECT is more common than abuse (with neglect accounting for more than half of all maltreatmetn investigations and that boys and girls are equally likely to be abused... and that there are millions of allegations of abuse/neglect reported every year - many of which are unsubstantiated. Child abuse is a leading cause of death for CHILD MATREATMENT is a leading cause of death because maltreatment covers both neglect nad abuse |
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Term
| stereotypical kindnapping |
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Definition
| 7. Stereotypical kidnappings are those where a stranger picks up a child, takes him or her away from the home overnight or longer with the intent to keep the child permanently or kill the child or hold the child for ransom. Most non-family abductions are NOT stereotypical kidnappings. |
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Term
| typical non fmaily abduction |
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Definition
| 1. A typical non-family abduction is when a person who is not related to the victim, takes the victim against his or her will, usually for a short amount of time (and typically to sexually assault him or her) |
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Term
| actuarial hate crimes versus expressive or instrumental |
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Definition
| 1. - In actuarial hate crimes, the person committing the crime does no actually hate the target, but picks it based on a stereotype he has about the group. For example, a person might target a gay man for a robbery, not because he hates gay people, but because he believes the stereotype that gay men are weak. expressive hate crimes are those committed to express the hatred you ahve for a group (example, spray-painting a swastika at a synagogue), and instrumental hate crimes are those committed for a purpose (spray painting a swastika on a jewish family's driveway to drive the family out of the neighborhood). |
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Term
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Definition
| 1. The punitive rationale says self defense is permissible because the attacker deserves any injuries he suffers. the rationale of necessity say that the victim has "no other choice" and must resort to force for self protection. the individualist argues that as Americans, we do not have to yield to anyone who would do us harm, and the social rationale says that by using self-defense, I am helping to preserve social order |
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Term
| missing childrens assitance act |
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Definition
| to establish and operate a national toll-free telephone line for missing children and a national resource center and clearinghouse. |
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Term
| national child search assistance act |
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Definition
| requires each federal, state, and local law-enforcement agency to enter information about missing children younger than the age of 18 into the Federal Bureau of Investigation's (FBI) National Crime Information Center (NCIC) database.1 The Act also establishes state reporting requirements. |
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Term
| Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act |
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Definition
| Other parts of the act provided for a greatly expanded federal death penalty, new classes of individuals banned from possessing firearms, and a variety of new crimes defined in statutes relating to immigration law, hate crimes, sex crimes, and gang-related crime. |
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