Term
| Characteristics of the Brain |
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Definition
-larger than reptiles
-pushed back in skull by eyes
-more closely related to mammals rather than reptiles |
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Term
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Definition
-more highly developed than reptiles
*Development of hyperpallium (vs the hyperstriatum) in brain
-site of complex behavioral instincts
-sensory integration
-learned intelligence
-reduced olfactory lobe |
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Term
| Functional Lateralization |
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Definition
left or right handedness
*Dominance of left brain=right handedness |
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Term
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Definition
-integrate incoming stimuli
-storage of information (memory)
-integrate/coordinate outgoing impluses |
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Definition
= DOMINANT
-integration and learning
-memorization
-song control
-suppression of attack response |
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Definition
-monitor environment
-select novel stimuli |
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Term
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Definition
-aka cerebellum
-development of corpus striatum
-regular vision (large optic lobe)
-muscular coordination & balance
-physiological regulation
-secretion of neural hormones
-circadian rhythms (pineal gland) |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-aka medulla
-links spinal cord to midbrain |
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Term
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Definition
-controlled by hippocampus region of forebrain
-functionally equivalent to mammals
-episodic memory (insects vs seeds) |
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Term
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Definition
-brain grows new neurons in the spring during song learning, then disintegrates in the fall
-seed cachers grow new neurons in the fall
-hippocampus expands up to 30% |
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Term
| Types of tactile (touch) receptors |
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Definition
Gandry-bills of ducks/owls
Merkel-skin, tongue, bill
Herbst-very fast response, most developed |
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Term
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Definition
-semicircular canals
-primary organ of balance
-based on fluid motion against touch receptors
-very sensitive |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| sensors in nasal chambers |
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Term
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Definition
-lack pinnae
-auricular feathers |
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Term
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Definition
-fluid filled chamber
-simpler than mammals but just as efficient |
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Term
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Definition
bony plate protecting the eyes
-aid in accommodation |
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Term
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Definition
-most common
-eyes on side of head
-up to 360 degree vision
-poor depth perception
-birds often bob their heads to compensate |
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Term
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Definition
-good depth perception
-limited field of vision |
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Term
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Definition
-third eyelid
-translucent
-functions in cleaning/protection
-underwater "contact lens" for diving birds |
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Term
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Definition
-region of cone concentration
-area of sharpest vision
-placed laterally
-aid in detection movement
*birds w/ binocular vision have 2 of them |
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Term
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Definition
tissue projection into eyes
-found only in birds and certain lizards
-unknown function (nutritive?) |
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Term
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Definition
| series of periodic round trips between wintering and breeding grounds |
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Term
| Types of migration cycles |
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Definition
annual
lunar
seasonal
irruptive
nomadic |
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Term
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Definition
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Definition
| primarily E to W migration |
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Term
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Definition
-avoid harsh conditions
-exploit abundant resources
-avoid crowding
-avoid nest predation
-higher productivity |
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Term
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Definition
-high mortality
-shortened life span
-reduced reproductive years |
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Term
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Definition
Spring- follows warm front
-short distance-follow weather
-long distance-follow photoperiod
Fall-follows cold front |
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Term
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Definition
banding
radio telemetry
weather radar |
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Term
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Definition
-visual landmarks
-sun and clock
-stars and clock
-magnetic fields (declination and topography)
-olfaction |
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Term
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Definition
| birds make round trip thru South America |
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Term
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Definition
| go to North too early, go back to south |
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Term
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Definition
-trade off between fecundity and longevity
-small birds tend to be r-selected
-tropical species tend to be k-selected |
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Term
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Definition
-one male, one female
-90% birds
-cheating common
-strong pair bond
-requires both parents to raise brood
-typical of birds w/ altricial young |
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Term
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Definition
-one male, several females
-2% birds
-uncommon in carnivores/insectivores
-most common in food rich habitats
-found in- covered nesters, precocial birds |
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Term
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Definition
-individual female chooses between monogamy and polygyny
-results from variation in territory quality |
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Term
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Definition
single female, several males
- >1% birds
-reversed sexual dimorphism and sex roles |
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Term
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Definition
| one breeding pair with several nest helpers (usually related) |
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Term
| promiscuous, "casual" sex |
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Definition
-no pair bond
-6% birds
- more breeding variation in males
-female may select location over the male
-leads to extremes of sexual selection (plumage, displays) |
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Term
| functions of courtship display |
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Definition
-pair formation
-hormonal stimulus
-hormonal synchronization
-pair bond reinforcement |
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Term
| Functions of visual communication |
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Definition
-identifying the individual
-signal attack, escape
-communicate desire |
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Term
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Definition
displays using outside resources
ex. Bower birds |
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Term
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Definition
aggressive acts
-very seasonal (spring)
-involve access to territory/mate
-initiated by dominant male
-involve beak and wings (sometimes feet)
-reaction to these displays establishes dominance as well as sex determination
-agonism is a bluffing game |
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Term
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Definition
when frustrated, birds may use other behaviors to release agonistic energy
ex. bill wiping, grass pulling/attacking |
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Term
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Definition
-many birds don't innately recognize their own species
-short stage when young have a "template" for learning
-irreversible |
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Term
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Definition
| precocial young learn species on the first day |
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Term
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Definition
young birds learn to ID a specific parent
-3 days to 2 weeks |
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Term
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Definition
Imprinting
Trial and Error
habituation- response to false predators
conditioned reflex |
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Term
| Homogeneous environments (predictable, high cost of initial error) select for |
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Definition
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Term
| Heterogeneous environments (unpredictable, low cost of initial error) select for |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
the behavior of one animal is enhanced by that of its associates
ex. feeding, breeding, gaping |
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Term
| how does copulation occur |
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Definition
by cloacal contact
-some have an intermediate organ
-females may store sperm for as long as 6 months |
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Term
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Definition
-usually only one develops
-enlarges during the breeding season
-produce both ova and hormones
-egg begins as a single cell (yolk) surrounded by tissue (follicle)
-follicle grows rapidly prior to ovulation |
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Term
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Definition
development of unfertilized egg
-common in domestic fowl |
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Term
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Definition
| cushion that surrounds the embryo |
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Term
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Definition
| permeable surrounds all structures |
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Term
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Definition
| respiration and excretion |
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Term
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| protection and respiration |
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Term
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Definition
white-default Ca color (cavity nesters, egg coverers)
spotted-camoflage (open nesters, ground nesters), strengthens egg, replaces depleted Ca, ID individual eggs |
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Term
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Definition
ovoid- most common
round- cavity nesters
elongate- swallows/swifts
pointed- cliff nesters |
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Term
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Definition
calcium- bones, diet, egg shells
energy- increased feeding, weight reduction, egg production |
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Term
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Definition
-usually occurs in the early morning
-usually only one per day
-full incubation begins when the clutch is complete |
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Term
| Factors affecting clutch size |
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Definition
-genetics
-available food
-age
-season |
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Term
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Definition
large clutches found in:
temperate nesters
cavity nesters
smaller birds |
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Term
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Definition
safety from predators
microclimate control
cradle for young
roosting site for adults |
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Term
| primary causes of nest failure |
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Definition
-highest in ground nesters
-lowest in cavity nesters
-certain nest shapes deter predators- pendant, protruding entrance, covered |
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Term
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Definition
bare patch on skin of breast
-function in heat transfer for incubation
-usually only on female |
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Term
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Definition
-hatching muscle
-egg tooth
-synchronization and non-synchronization |
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Term
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Definition
-blind for 3 to 5 days
-feathers open 5 to 7 days
-colored gape
born ectothermic |
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Term
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Definition
well developed legs
retarded wing development
hatch in down
juvenal plumage is retarded
mostly endothermic |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Generalizations of feeding |
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Definition
1-4 times per hour
feeding more active early morning
precocial young- only F feeds young
altricial young- both M + F feed young
tropical- each parent feeds one chic |
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Term
| colonial nesting- advantages |
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Definition
vigilance and mobbing of predators
predator avoidance
predator swamping
information transfer
day care (creches) |
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Term
| disadvantages of colonial nesting |
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Definition
increased competition- breeding site, nest material, mates, food
misdirected parental care
cannibalism
disease |
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Term
| adaptations of brood parasites |
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Definition
mimicry of egg, nestling, host, raptor
hard shelled eggs
destruction of eggs and nestlings
aggressive young
large size
rapid growth rate |
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Term
| host response to brood parasites |
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Definition
| covering, abandonment, toleration |
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Term
| relationship between oropendulas and cowbirds |
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Definition
oropendulas are parasitized by cowbirds
-80% colonies by wasp nests, which eat bot flies
-oropendulas are cowbird egg rejecters
other 20% are not near wasp nests-oropendulas don't chase the cowbirds- young cowbirds eat botflies which protect their young |
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Term
| Why have so many endemic species been lost from islands? |
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Definition
-tame behavior
-small populations
-endemic predators
-habitat destruction
-competition for food and space
-disease |
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Term
| Responsible for killing 78 million small mammals and birds annually in the UK |
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Definition
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Term
| invasive species in Guam and its effects |
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Definition
the brown tree snake-
caused extinction of 12 out of 14 forest bird species, 2 out of 3 bat, and at least 6 lizard species |
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Term
| why did the dodo and the great auk go extinct? |
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Definition
| bc they were tame and island dwelling, lived without predators for so long that they weren't used to it |
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Term
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Definition
separation of habitats due to urbanization
-leads to edge effect, increase in predation, invasives and parasites
-lose many predators that require large home ranges |
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Term
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Definition
an effort to unravel the extinction vortex
includes reconnecting habitat, restoring habitat, starting a new population, and supplement gene flow |
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