Term
| Can it possibly be true, that the USA now has a greater proportion of its own citizens in prisons than does any other country? (13th, p 68) |
|
Definition
| a. Yes, it is apparently true. |
|
|
Term
| Inhaled drugs can get from the lungs to brain in ____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Tolerance refers to ____. |
|
Definition
| . the diminishing effect of a drug as a result of repeated exposure to the drug |
|
|
Term
| 4. A consistent set of symptoms that occur when a habitual drug user stops taking the drug is known as ____. |
|
Definition
| d. withdrawal signs and symptoms (withdrawal syndrome) |
|
|
Term
| 5. A psychoactive drug is a _____. |
|
Definition
| a. drug that affects brain sufficiently to be manifest in behavioral change |
|
|
Term
| 5. A psychoactive drug is a _____. |
|
Definition
| a. drug that affects brain sufficiently to be manifest in behavioral change |
|
|
Term
| 7. One of the following drugs is closely associated with violence not only in our society, but in many societies. Pick it. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 8. From material stated in your text (12th p 33), it is safe to conclude that __. |
|
Definition
| c. greater than 50% of intravenous drug users’ livers are infected with a viral pathogen |
|
|
Term
| 9. In the drug-abuse literature, DAWN refers to ___. (9th, p 29) |
|
Definition
| a. a system for collecting data on drug-related deaths or emergency room visits |
|
|
Term
| 10. The modern theory of addictions (habitual drug-use with dire long-term consequences) has as one its major components that addictive drugs produce an increment in positive affect (pleasure). The salient neural structure for the activity that is positive affect is the ___. (12th, p 89) |
|
Definition
| b. mesolimbic dopamine pathway (the medial forebrain bundle system) |
|
|
Term
| 11. In class, it was stated that ___. |
|
Definition
| a. it is not clear whether a program designed to prevent drug-use is effective until you carefully evaluate it |
|
|
Term
| 12. The Law that began the Federal regulation of foods and drugs within the USA was ____. |
|
Definition
| The 1906 Pure Food and Drugs Act |
|
|
Term
| One of the following statements is the one given in class to characterize the efficiency of treatment programs with the goal of curing alcoholism. |
|
Definition
| All widely used treatment programs are of marginal benefit. (except, perhaps, long acting naltrexone) |
|
|
Term
| The text (12th, p 96) briefly describes the monoamine theory of mood which states, as related in your text, levels of norepinephrine, serotonin and dopamine, in brain, change across situations and people and that those changes are manifest in changes in mood. Particularly, ____ in monoamines results in depression. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| . Ecstasy (MDMA, XTC, or N,alpha-demethyl-1,3 benxodioxole-t-ethanamine), a "recreational" drug that occasionally becomes popular for a period, has been shown to be neurotoxic to ______ systems of brain. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| . True or false? Heroin crosses the blood-brain barrier rapidly (in comparison to other opioids). |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Opioid agonists, in small doses, tend to __ propensity to take alcoholic beverage. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
All of the following are opioid agonists, except one. Pick the odd one.
. Leu-enkephalin b. Met-enkephalin c. morphine d. heroin e. naloxone |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| . The surveys and drug testing done recently indicate that persons arrested for non-drug crimes are ___. |
|
Definition
| a. very likely (probably > 50%) to have been using illegal drugs (cocaine and/or marijuana) during the time the crime was committed |
|
|
Term
| . One of the following is synergistic with ethanol and hence is often lethal when taken with alcoholic beverages. Pick it. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Opioid agonists, in small doses, tend to __ propensity to take alcoholic beverage. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| . Morphine is the ___ name of a popular analgesic drug. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When rats and monkeys are given an opportunity to press a lever, the consequence of which leads to an injection of heroin, they ________. |
|
Definition
| . almost always learn to press for the heroin |
|
|
Term
| 24. Experiments with laboratory animals indicate that _____. |
|
Definition
| a. rats and monkeys readily learn to press a lever (or engage other operants) that actuates a mechanism for delivering cocaine intravenously. |
|
|
Term
| . An important pathway of the brain is related to the salient actions of many addictive drugs and probably related to schizophrenia. It is part of a circuit whose activity is positive affect (pleasure). It is called the ____. (12th, p 89) |
|
Definition
| a. mesolimbic dopamine pathway |
|
|
Term
| An important pathway of the brain is related to the salient actions of many addictive drugs and probably related to schizophrenia. It is part of a circuit whose activity is positive affect (pleasure). It is also called the ____. (12th, p 89) |
|
Definition
| . medial forebrain bundle |
|
|
Term
| Cocaine blocks the transporter receptor for re-uptake of ____. (12th, p 94) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| . “____ mimics the action of endorphins at opioid receptors” (12th, p 95). |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If one takes alcoholic beverages and cocaine at nearly the same time, ___. (12th, p 117) |
|
Definition
| b. the effect may be more excitation than might be expected from the combination of a excitant and a depressant because cocaethylene may be produced |
|
|
Term
| The limitation of drugs to be able to manipulate behavior is given by ___. |
|
Definition
| the specificity of receptors for a particular kind of behavior |
|
|
Term
Chose the statement that is true.
a. In class, it was stated that there is now available an injection delivering naltrexone for a month
b. In class, it was stated that there is at the research-stage, but not now available, an injection delivering naltrexone for a month |
|
Definition
| In class, it was stated that there is now available an injection delivering naltrexone for a month |
|
|
Term
All but one of the following agents will attenuate the most serious effects of withdrawal from heroin. Pick it.
a. clonidine b. morphine c. beta-endorphin d. naloxone |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Naltrexone ______ addictive. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| . interacts with the endogenous opioid receptors, blocking some of ethanol’s effects |
|
|
Term
| One of the following drugs is apt to blunt or block the addictive effects of heroin and ethanol. Pick it. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Recently collected information indicates that ______ is a reasonable medicine to use in the treatment of alcoholism, because it reduces the incidence of relapse back into binge drinking. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| . The behavior of an animal that has been given large doses of naltrexone is indicative of behavior without the functioning of the ________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| True or false, naltrexone is the only FDA-approved drug for treatment of alcohol dependence? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| . ______is apt to be the drug given to control withdrawal symptoms associated with prolonged intake of ethanol. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
True or False? Some States of the U.S. prohibited the sale and distribution of alcoholic
beverages before the constitutional amendment prohibited such sales nationally? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Persons who drink too much too often suffer a host of health problems. They __. |
|
Definition
| . also suffer from loss of brain tissue and a general loss of cognitive functioning |
|
|
Term
| . In the United States, the federal government prohibited the sale of alcohol in _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| “About half of all Orientals carry a gene that renders their liver’s aldehyde dehydrogenase much ______ effective.” |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| True or false? Women are apt to have a higher blood ethanol level, following the same dose of ethanol in terms of grams per kilogram of body weight, as men. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 45. The Opium Wars took their name from the fact that one of their major causes was ___. |
|
Definition
| b. China’s attempt to stop foreign smuggling into China |
|
|
Term
| Opium-use is believed to have originated in ___. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 47. The substance known as laudanum consisted of ___. |
|
Definition
| c. opium dissolved in a liquid, usually an alcoholic beverage |
|
|
Term
| Heroin is preferred by addicts over morphine because __. |
|
Definition
| a. heroin crosses the blood-brain barrier more readily |
|
|
Term
| Almost all cough medicines sold OTC, in the USA, have ____ as an active ingredient. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A bottle of 80 proof vodka is __ % ethanol. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A bottle of 80 proof vodka is __ % ethanol. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The recommendation of nearly all health professionals is that pregnant women drink no more than __ drinks (alcoholic beverages) a day. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The recommendation of your lecturer is that women should drink no more than __ drinks a day. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| . The recommendation of nearly all health professionals is that women drink no more than __ drinks (alcoholic beverages) a day. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Your text relates that one of the following variables is most salient to success of alcoholic treatment programs. Pick the most salient variable. |
|
Definition
| the quality of the client (those who are employed and married, for example, do better than those not employed and not married) |
|
|
Term
| One of the following is a toxic combination (worst than the other choices, particularly in terms of liver toxicity). Pick it. (K&R, 10th, p 364) |
|
Definition
| ethanol and acetaminophen |
|
|
Term
| Methadone is used as a “substitution” for ___ as a means of treating the addiction associated with this drug. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| True or False? Opium can relieve pain and reduce the symptoms of diarrhea. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Joe is a physician. Joe also drinks alcoholic beverages, excessively. Joe also takes oxycodone regularly. Despite these habits, Joe functions reasonably well as family physician in a clinic set up for family practice. He has been treating his patients responsibly using best of practice techniques recommended in the textbooks and journals. Joe, however, made a mistake and it became apparent that he was drunk when he should not have been and further enquiry uncovered his use of oxycodone. Imagine you are Joe’s employer. One of the following options for dealing with Joe is probably better, all things considered, than the others and is likely to be the one a hospital administrator might engage. Pick the best treatment from the list. |
|
Definition
| direct Joe to seek psychological treatment for alcoholism (perhaps, cognitive behavioral therapy) and take a monthly injection of long-acting naltrexone. Treatment would also include a year of supervision to ensure compliance with taking the injections. |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following is an example of negative reinforcement? |
|
Definition
| relief from heroin withdrawal |
|
|
Term
| If a person takes naltrexone (say 50 mg), then injects heroin (in equal doses), the person will experience ___. |
|
Definition
| little or no effect from the heroin injection |
|
|
Term
| “In recent years, psychiatrists have increasingly used ____, classified as ‘antidepressants’ to treat obsessive-compulsive disorder and other anxiety disorders.” (13th, p 173) |
|
Definition
| d. selective reuptake inhibitors |
|
|
Term
| True or false, in the USA today, there are only three antischizophrenia medicines on the market? (13th, p 178) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Tardive dyskinesia means ___. (13th, p 179) |
|
Definition
| b. late-appearing abnormal movements |
|
|
Term
| . “Overall, only about half of the 74 studies submitted to the FDA since 1987 in support of the new drug applications for 12 antidepressants found positive results in favor of the tested drug” (13th, p 183). Yet, among published studies in medical journals, “___ percent found a favorable effect of the tested drug compared to placebo.” (13th, p 183) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| With respect to antidepressant medications, what accounts for the discrepancy between the success rates of studies submitted to the FDA and the success rates of studies submitted to medical journals? |
|
Definition
| The drug companies only published in medical journals studies showing beneficial effects and did not publicize the studies that failed to find a beneficial effect of taking antidepressants. |
|
|
Term
| Wernicke’s disease is associated with ____. |
|
Definition
| a deficiency of vitamin B1 and is common among alcoholics |
|
|
Term
| True or false, fetal alcohol syndrome does not occur when the mother has sufficient vitamin supplements? (13th, p 221) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| One of the following is a good medicine for alcohol withdrawal symptoms. Pick it. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| True or false, alcohol is metabolized at a rate that is dependent upon the size of the person and the rate is characterized by a formula taking into account body weight? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Heroin is derived from ___. (13th, p 307) |
|
Definition
| components of the poppy plant |
|
|
Term
| . Frederich Serturner is known for ___. (13th, p 311-12) |
|
Definition
| extraction of morphine from opium |
|
|
Term
| The current rate of nonmedical use of prescription pain relievers (opioids) among persons older than 12 years of age, in the USA, is about ___%. (13th, p 318) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following have the longest half-life? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
All but one of the following will diminish the effects of opioid withdrawal. Pick the agent that will not blunt opioid withdrawal? (13th, p 323)
a. clonidine b. morphine c. oxycodone d. Valium |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| College Joe is planning on an evening of heavy drinking with the guys of his fraternity. He recalls that during the last evening of drinking (and partying) the guys engaged in drinking contests (he who loses a game, involving coordination, must chug a full glass of beer) and he awoke with a raging headache. Joe decides that he is going to prepare for the dire consequence of drinking too much; he decides that he will take a couple of Tylenols just before going to bed with the idea this will prevent the headache of the morning. This is a stupid idea (Note: not that Joe is stupid, but his idea is stupid) because ___. |
|
Definition
| . the active ingredient in Tylenol is acetaminophen and acetaminophen is toxic to the liver especially when taken in large doses and especially when there is ethanol in the circulation (as at bedtime and near to the end of the drinking). In brief, Joe is poisoning his liver. |
|
|
Term
Joe has a miserable cold. He decides to medicate it. He recalls that his grandmother’s remedy for a cold was a hot toddy (whiskey poured into a cup of hot water, perhaps with a bit of bitters--a flavoring--and bit of sugar). Taking no chances, he goes to the local pharmacy and buys
Theraflu Severe Cold (active ingredients include an antihistamine—4 mg chlorpheniramine maleate—and 1000 mg acetaminophen) and goes to the local liquor store and buys a fifth of Wild Turkey—a good whiskey. He believes that if one tablet is good, two should be even better and he also consoles himself with idea that if he drinks enough toddy that he will reduce the pain of the cold. He acts on his beliefs taking enough toddy to aid in a nearly day-long “sleep.” Joe is acting stupidly (Note: not that Joe is stupid, but he is acting stupidly) because ___. |
|
Definition
| acetaminophen is toxic to the liver especially when taken in large doses and especially when there is ethanol in the circulation. In brief, Joe is poisoning his liver. |
|
|
Term
| True or false, an injection that delivered naltrexone for a month would be a potential medicine for heroin dependence? (lecture) |
|
Definition
| a. True, provided that you set into motion procedures to ensure monthly injections. |
|
|
Term
| rat is given a sweet ethanol solution to drink daily for 15 min. The rat eventually takes about 10 grams of the solution daily. On one day, the rat is given a small dose of morphine before the opportunity to drink. On the day of morphine, the rat is apt to drink _____ of the sweet solution. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following is most apt to induce withdrawal symptoms on the day following termination of its use? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A drug that binds to the receptor but has little efficacy is called a (an) ____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| One of the following was widely used, during WW II, as an aid in keeping armed forces alert and to fight their fatigue. Pick it. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| There is controversy surrounding making the prescription of naloxone readily available to heroin-users and their friends and family. Pick one of the following which best captures the essence of the controversy. (13th, p 315) |
|
Definition
| By making it available to friends and family of heroin users, they can save addict’s lives if they can use naloxone as an antidote for heroin-induced respiratory depression. On the other hand, some claim, this makes it seem as if society is condoning the use of heroin. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| enzymes of the liver that seem to be specialized for inactivating various foreign chemicals that might be ingested |
|
|
Term
| Ethanol in the blood tends to ___ REM sleep. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| . Based on a survey of college students (Table 1.1, 13th, p 9), one would expect that about __% of college students have never used alcoholic beverages or taken illegal drugs. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The pharmaceutical industry is world-wide. The U.S.A-market is more than $180 billion US-dollars. The U.S.A.-market is about __ of the total market. (13th, p 56) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| True or false, the Harrison Act was very harsh, leading to the arrest and imprisonment of heroin and cocaine users? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Your Text (13th, p 40f) has a lengthy discussion concerning the question “Does drug use cause crime?” During that discussion, the authors of the text dismiss the idea that some drugs (e.g., marijuana) cause violent crime. They do, however, indicate that there is a strong association, even hinting at a causal relationship, between one drug and violent crime. Pick that drug. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The text (13th, p 9) relates the results of a survey (circa 2006) of college students’ use of seven types of drugs. That survey indicated that about __% of college students used alcohol daily. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| At the end of Chapter 2 of your text (13th, p 47), there is a section titled “Are you hooked on an activity?” One of the following is an implication of that section. Pick the implication. |
|
Definition
| Some rather ordinary activities, e.g., exercising a hobby, can have the same motivational strength as the behavior induced by drugs such as heroin. |
|
|
Term
| The alcohol-level measured in blood gives a ___ estimate of alcohol concentration in brain. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Morphine is to methadone as ___ is to naltrexone. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Opioid antagonists tend to __ propensity to take alcoholic beverage. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Of the drugs listed, which is more of a “pure” agonist compared to the others? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A well-supported theory of schizophrenia (a major mental disorder) is summarized by one of the following statements. Pick the simplified theory of schizophrenia. (13th, p 89) |
|
Definition
| Schizophrenia is a dopamine surfeit disease. |
|
|
Term
| True or false, relapse refers to taking drugs again after a period of abstinence; and, relapse prevention therapy is just what it says, therapy to prevent relapse |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The text says, “This law was the seed, which has since sprouted into all of our federal controlled-substance regulations” (13th, p 56). When the authors said “this law,” to which law were they talking about? |
|
Definition
| . The Harrison Act of 1914 |
|
|
Term
| “The triad of paranoid ideas, impulsive behavior and hypersensitivity is directly related to the pharmacological actions of the ____ and will occur no matter what the personality of the user” (10th, p 191). |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| One of the following is the “most important psychoactive chemical in marijuana.” (13th, p 71) Pick it. |
|
Definition
| delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol |
|
|
Term
| Dietary supplements are regulated by the FDA __. (13th, p 280) |
|
Definition
| but they are not subjected to the same regulations as OTC drugs |
|
|
Term
| True or false, Russia is another heavy drinking country? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Your text (11th, p 213) indicates that the nation of ____ has the ”highest per capita consumption of distilled spirits in the world.” |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Figure 9.1 of the 11th edition (& 13th) of your text indicates that the per capita consumption of ethanol by way of intake of distilled spirits has ____ since 1981. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| . Crack is a colloquial name for____. (11th, p 132) |
|
Definition
| the free base form of cocaine |
|
|
Term
| . Crack is a colloquial name for____. (11th, p 132) |
|
Definition
| the free base form of cocaine |
|
|
Term
| The universal inhibitory neural transmitter is ___. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Women are at a high risk for developing breast cancer (about 1 in 9 women will develop the cancer). Drinking alcoholic beverages ___ the risk of breast cancer. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In a lecture, the assertion was made about estogenic medices that ___. |
|
Definition
| there is a strong possibility that estrogenic medicines might enhance women’s appetite for alcoholic beverages. And, women are at greater risk, compared to men, for an enhanced toxicity due primarily to greater ethanol-blood levels associated with taking a standard drink of alcoholic beverage. |
|
|
Term
| All of the following are either sedatives or antianxiety agents, i.e., depressants. Pick the one that is not a depressant. (11th, p 143) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A user of cocaine wants to get the most effect from a given amount of cocaine hydrochloride. She should ___ the product. (11th, p 135 and lecture) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| True or false, the idea that drinking grapefruit-juice can even marginally modify the effects of most drugs is an “old wives’ tale,” and without substantial merit? (13th, p 103) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Psychotropic drugs exert their pharmacodynamic effects by interacting with ___. |
|
Definition
| proteins that are receptors for neurotransmitters or neuromodulators |
|
|
Term
| One of the following is a mood disorder (even though all affect mood). Pick it. (13th, p 176) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| SSNRIs refers to ___. (13th, p 182) |
|
Definition
| . selective serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors |
|
|
Term
| One of the following is the drug of first choice, and one of the first drugs used, to treat bipolar disorder. Pick it. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Currently, the most commonly prescribed drugs for anxiety disorders are benzodiazepines and __. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| One of the following was used as an adjunct to psychotherapy because of its ability to enhance empathy. Pick it. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If amphetamines were to become widely used among college students at University X (e.g., local police and prosecutors condoned their use and this was widely known, i.e., there was, for practical purposes, no sanctions related to use), one of the following is apt to be the consequence. Pick the most likely consequence based on the information in your text and given in lectures. |
|
Definition
| . A difficult place to work and study. There would be a high incidence of (i) paranoid anger, (ii) clinical depression, and (iii) cycles of hyperactivity followed by extensive sleep that interfered with daily chores. There would be a high incidence of overly confident students and professors. There would be a higher incidence of schizophrenic-like behaviors. |
|
|
Term
| Ritalin, the most common medicine for the treatment attention deficit, hyperactive disorder among children, is most similar to one of the following. Pick it. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| At about 1900, it became clear that one of the following drugs tended to produce a psychotic state when taken in large dose. Pick it. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The DEA (Drug Enforcement Agency) of the USA was established in ___. (13th, p 64) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| True or false, “artificially” enhancing self-esteem by excessive praise (compliments) is apt to protect one from using illegal drugs as a teenager? (13th, p 15) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| “Although antidepressant drugs such as amitriptyline (Elavil) and Prozac are not in themselves stimulants, they can ____ the effects of stimulant drugs, such as cocaine and amphetamine …” (13th, p |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| True or false, cocaine can combine with ethanol, in the body, to produce a chemical called cocaethylene that is an inhibitor of general neuronal functioning. (13th, p 117) |
|
Definition
| false (This item is false in the sense that cocaethylene is not an inhibitor of neural activity, but rather a stimulant. Yes, cocaine can combine with ethanol.) |
|
|
Term
| During many years of the 1970s, two of the following drugs were the best selling prescription drugs. Pick the two. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is it true that dietary supplements supposedly advancing health (e.g., vitamins, minerals and proteins) and some herbal extracts do not have to be proven safe or effective in the USA (by FDA) before they are marketed in the USA? (13th, p 60) |
|
Definition
| Yes, it is true even though some of these agents can be extremely toxic in large doses and for some people. |
|
|
Term
| True or false, L-dopa is a medicine for schizophrenia? |
|
Definition
| false (L-dopa would exacerbate schizophrenia) |
|
|
Term
| Disease of one of the following neural pathways is causally related to the emergence of Parkinson’s disease (manifest as movement disorders). Pick the pathway associated with the disease. (13th, p 89) |
|
Definition
| nigrostriatal dopamine pathway |
|
|
Term
| True or false, L-dopa is a medicine for Parkinson’s disease? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| One of the following is a neurotransmitter that is not neatly organized into discrete pathways in brain and exerts generalized inhibitory functions. Pick it. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In an attempt to understand illicit drug use among young persons and to identify those at risk for illicit drug use, there have been a number of studies of the factors that seem to be correlated with illicit drug use. Factors that have a positive correlation with illicit drug use are called risk factors. Factors that have a negative correlation with illicit drug use are called protective factors. Your text (13th, p 14) indicated that the most important risk factor correlated with illicit drug use was ___. |
|
Definition
| having friends who use marihuana or other illicit substances |
|
|
Term
| Your text (13th, p 14) summarizes the studies trying to identify students at risk for illegal drug use by saying: ___ |
|
Definition
| “If you want to find the greatest number of young people who use illicit drugs, look among the same people who are getting in trouble in other ways,” …e.g., “vandalism, stealing, fighting and early sexual behavior.” |
|
|
Term
| Radio labeled glucose molecules are used in making PET scans of brain. The tagged glucose molecules are successful in indexing areas of brain that are most active because ___. (12th, p 96f) |
|
Definition
| glucose is taken up in active neurons in direct proportion to the neurons rate of signaling |
|
|
Term
| Drugs can and usually have more than one effect. If follows from that conclusion, that ___. |
|
Definition
| there are multiple dose-response relationships that can be studied |
|
|
Term
| The term narcotic has two meanings. One meaning refers to drugs apt to be sold illegally. The other meaning refers to _________. |
|
Definition
| drugs similar to morphine and which produce a sleep-like state |
|
|
Term
| ____ is the most common type of drug overdose death. (13th, p 117) |
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Definition
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Term
| As a general rule for CNS depressants, short durations of action are ___ likely to produce withdrawal symptoms. |
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Definition
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Term
| When either barbiturates or benzodiazepines are given for prolonged periods for seizures and then they are stopped being given, you can expect one of the following. Pick a likely discontinuance consequence of these two kinds of drugs. |
|
Definition
| . high risk of seizure and anxiety |
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Term
| Which of the three listed benzodiazepines is the most rapid-acting; and, therefore, has the greatest risk for being used recreationally. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| The idea that amphetamines are a smart pill (i.e., induces enhanced cognitive abilities) is probably ____. (13th, p 145f) |
|
Definition
| false, at best they might enhance some simple cognitive task such as driving a truck at night |
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Term
| In a lecture, the assertion was made about estrogenic medicine that ___. |
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Definition
| there is a strong possibility that estrogenic medicines might enhance women’s appetite for alcoholic beverages. And, women are at greater risk, compared to men, for an enhanced toxicity due primarily to greater ethanol-blood levels associated with taking a standard drink of alcoholic beverage. |
|
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Term
| Pick the drug that is not a NSAIDs (non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs). |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What is the best painkiller for a child with chickenpox or the flu? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Dextromethorphan is an __. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| O.K, we will ask the politically incorrect question (with the equally politically incorrect answer)(and a no brainer). All other things being equal, which of the following is the most desirable wife for a man to marry (and mother his children)? |
|
Definition
| a women who only drinks soft drinks at parties and has been told she is a “party pooper.” |
|
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Term
| . O.K., we can really move into the area of political incorrectness. Certain breeding climes (often called ethnic or racial groups) have a greater risk of developing alcoholism. Does it follow logically, that the breeding climes with the lower risk of alcoholism would be among the better groups to “shop” for a wife for a man that is looking out for his long term interests? |
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Definition
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Term
| True or false, women are at greater risk for some diseases, but drinking about 2 drinks a day, on average, decreases the risk among women for developing cirrhosis of the liver. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
O.K. to be politically correct, we should ask questions about women choosing husbands (but this question is not a no brainer). Jane is thinking about whether Jim or Joe would make a better husband.
They both drink a lot, particularly in the context of their college fraternities’ parties. Does this provide relevant information for choosing a husband? |
|
Definition
| No, drinking at college age is not a good predictor of later alcoholism. |
|
|
Term
| The universal inhibitory neural transmitter is ___. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| All of the following are either sedatives or antianxiety agents, i.e., depressants. Pick the one that is not a depressant. (11th, p 143) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| GHB is an agonist at ___ receptors. (11th, p 159) |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Malt (the stuff used to make beer) is ___. (11th p 197) |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Does the following, taken by itself, decrease or increase the abuse liability of a drug: The drug can be used without the need for medical supervision of dose or dosage schedule? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Ecstasy (MDMA, XTC, or N,alpha-demethyl-1,3 benxodioxole-t-ethanamine), a "recreational" drug that occasionally becomes popular for a period, has been shown to be neurotoxic to ______ systems of brain. |
|
Definition
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Term
| You buy a bottle of aspirin. When you open it you get a strong smell of vinegar. You should ___. |
|
Definition
| take it back for a refund of money, because the aspirin has decomposed into a product that smells like vinegar |
|
|
Term
| One TV-network reported that recently heroin-use has dramatically escalated on the east coast of the USA. One of the following is the most reasonable explanation for the increase in heroin-use. Pick the most reasonable explanation. |
|
Definition
| Given the increased rise in addictions to opioids due to the use of prescriptions of oxycodone- type medications and the high cost of prescription-opioids compared to heroin, heroin use has increased. |
|
|
Term
| True or false, fentanyl is an opioid? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| True or false, aspirin is a helpful medicine for stomach ulcers; it decrease gastric juice, blunts pain, and relaxes the stomach wall. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| True or false, aspirin works at sites outside of the CNS, but does not cross the blood-brain-barrier |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The LD-50 is at a BAC of ___ percent. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The text introduces the term (and concept) “maturing out,” which refers to |
|
Definition
| the tendency in some long-term users of heroin (or other opioid agonists) to gradually stop using heroin without any formal treatment |
|
|
Term
| Benzodiazepines, barbiturates and ethanol all act to enhance the activity of __. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A person who takes a benzodiazepine to calm anxiety and ethanol as a recreational drug will __. |
|
Definition
| show more inhibition of neuronal functioning than when either class of drugs is given alone |
|
|
Term
| One of the drugs on the list is a Schedule I drug. Pick it. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The age-group most likely to have used illegal drugs during the last 30 days is the group from ___ years of age. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Adverse drug reactions to prescribed drugs were among the top ___ causes of death in the USA during the 1990s. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A text refers to Drug X as an anxiolytic. Drug X is to be used to treat ___. (10th, p 203) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| About __% of human volunteers subjected to cold virus that got a “case” of the cold (a case usually lasting about 10 days). |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Number of cigarettes sold per person 18 years and older, in the USA, across years since 1945 ___. |
|
Definition
| generally increased until the ‘60s when the evidence linking smoking and cancer became more convincing and then has steadily declined |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| One of the following is associated with the phrase “food of the gods.” Pick it. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Specifically, caffeine modifies the actions of___. |
|
Definition
| adenosine and its interaction with its receptors |
|
|
Term
| The text indicates that one of the ingredients in many cold medicines is probably not effective, yet remains in many formulations. That ingredient is ___. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In class, it was mentioned that the likelihood of adverse drug reactions increased with the number of medicines taken. How many medicines are in the preparation called “Tylenol Cold?” |
|
Definition
| four, an antitussive, an analgesic (Tylenol), a sympathomimetic and an antihistamine |
|
|
Term
| Vioxx is ___. (13th, p 296) |
|
Definition
| a prescription NSAID that was pulled off of the market because it increased the risk of heart attacks |
|
|
Term
| Opiates is to morphine as ___ are to theobromine. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| One of the following drugs can be lethal when taken in doses somewhat larger than the dose that will produce the desired effect. Pick it. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Yes or no, the text says (13th, p 295) “that acetaminophen is not necessarily safer than aspirin, especially if the recommended dose is exceeded.” |
|
Definition
| Yes, that seems like a direct quote. |
|
|
Term
| The text (13th p 299) reports that OTC dextromethorphan is currently ___. |
|
Definition
| fairly frequently abused by adolescents and young adults, despite the potential side-effect of persistent itching |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following agents is an opioid, an antitussive, and an OTC product |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The text says aspirin is “antipyretic” (12th, p 295). That means that aspirin, at usually safe doses, ___. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The text (12th, p 277) reported the results of a test of caffeine’s ability to induce panic attacks. Half of the subjects of the experiment had a history of panic attacks. Half did not have such a history. Doses of caffeine were given. The results were: ___. |
|
Definition
| Caffeine, in doses of about 480 mg (doses similar to the dose of caffeine if one were to drink 5 cups of coffee very quickly) induced panic among about half of those with a history of panic attacks; and none of those without a history. |
|
|
Term
| The pharmacodynamic of caffeine is best described by one of the following. Pick the best description. (12th, p 274-5) |
|
Definition
| It is an antagonist at adenosine receptors. |
|
|
Term
| Did the text report something nearly the same, or the same, as this: “…research into the mechanism of nicotine dependence has focused on the fact that nicotine affects dopamine in the nucleus accumbens, a major target of the mesolimbic dopamine system…”? (12th, p 254) |
|
Definition
| Yes, it appears nicotine enhances dopaminergic activity, similarly to other addictive agents |
|
|
Term
| Picking one’s nose and wiping near your eyes are common (hopefully, not picking in public, however). During common cold season, one should be cautious about doing this, because ___. |
|
Definition
| doing so increases the chances of infecting yourself from your dirty hands that have touched places where other people with colds have left cold viruses |
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|
Term
| The text makes the point that although there are many brands sold OTC that there are ___. |
|
Definition
| very few different ingredients within those brands, i.e., many brands have the same ingredients Yeh, the original was poorly worded. |
|
|
Term
| True or false, there are no reliable signs of withdrawal from the usual intake of caffeine when usage stops. (K&R, 10th, p 343) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The nicotine selectively binds to the ____ receptor. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| One of the following is the xanthine found in chocolate. Pick it |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The medicinal effects of aspirin are primarily produced by inhibition of ___. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Rohypnol is a (an) ____. (10th, p 207) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In class, it was reported that recent tabulations indicate that reactions to drugs was one of the top 7 (maybe the 4th) leading cause of death in the USA. This leading cause of death was due to _. |
|
Definition
| accidents involving prescribed drugs and drug-interactions |
|
|
Term
| A person is prescribed a monoamine oxydase inhibitor as a treatment for depression with mild anxiety (say phenelzine, 75 mg/day). It works as expected. The patient is relieved of depression and feels a new sense of energy. She is overweight. A salesperson in a nutrition store, suggests that she take ephedrine as a way to lose weight. The consequences of taking both the antidepressant and the “anti appetite” drug is likely to be ___. (12th, p 182-3) |
|
Definition
| hypertension, headache, palpitations, flushing of the skin and an increased risk of fatal stroke or heart attack. |
|
|
Term
| The phrase “Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Met” refers to the _______. |
|
Definition
| amino acid sequence of Met-enkephalin |
|
|
Term
| One of the following neurotransmitters is closely associated with cocaine abuse. Pick it. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following is not an opioid? |
|
Definition
| fluoxetine and amitiptyline |
|
|
Term
| 51. From Table 2.2, what class of drugs produced the most drug-related deaths as tabulated by the DAWN system? (12th, p 31) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| “In 2004, about __ percent of Americans aged 12 and over reported nonmedical use of a prescription pain reliever within the past year” |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Almost all cough medicines sold OTC, in the USA, have ____ as an active ingredient |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| . The Opium Wars took their name from the fact that one of their major causes was |
|
Definition
| China’s officials attempt to stop smuggling by foreigners of opium into China |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following statements will your lecturer endorse? |
|
Definition
| . XTC is a very dangerous drug; it induces serious disruption of functioning of the serotonin systems of brain. |
|
|
Term
| The vast majority of smuggling of cocaine into the USA is done by ____. |
|
Definition
| a highly organized, often government condoned, large, monopolistic, business organization centered in South America |
|
|
Term
| The best descriptions of alcoholism focus on ____________. |
|
Definition
| variables associated with how ethanol affects the systems of the brain associated with the rewards from ingestion |
|
|
Term
| Morphine mimics the effects of ___. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Nicotine mimics the effects of ___. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| There have been a lot of claims about the effects of usage of marijuana. One of the following claims is apt to be false. The others may be true but may not occur with every user and with infrequent use. Pick the false one. |
|
Definition
| a. Marijuana-use induces violence. |
|
|
Term
| Certain yeast metabolizes sugars and excretes ethanol. These yeasts have a limited tolerance for ethanol. When in a vat containing sugar, water and yeast, the produced ethanol is toxic to yeast when it reaches about ___% of the surrounding fluid. (12th, p 195) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the most reliable withdrawal symptom associated with prolonged caffeine use via coffee? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| THC mimics the effects of ___. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Valium augments the effects of ___. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A likely side-effect of taking oxycodone chronically is ___. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| True or false, the 13th edition of your text states, “no medications are approved for the treatment of cannabis dependence”? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| One class of drugs is the treatment of choice for treating withdrawal from heavy alcoholic beverage use. Pick the class. (13th, p 435) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Contingency management, in the context of this course, refers to ___. (13th, p 433). |
|
Definition
| a behavioral approach to treating addictions in which patients receive immediate rewards for providing a drug-free urine sample |
|
|
Term
| LSD, the hallucinogenic drug, is ___ self-administered by laboratory animals. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Pick the statement that best characterizes our modern knowledge. |
|
Definition
| Laboratory animals readily learn to self-administer most of the drugs that people become dependent upon. |
|
|
Term
| Pick the statement that best characterizes our modern knowledge. |
|
Definition
| Scientists have identified and completely characterized (know the genetic code for and protein structure of) the receptors for nearly all drugs for which people become addicted and hence develop problems. ?? |
|
|
Term
| True or false, it is a good medical practice to give aspirin before surgery to help reduce the pain of surgery and to act synergistically with other pain medications? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When speaking of the dynamics of cocaine use, a speaker spoke of the “dopamine transporter.” She was referring to ____. |
|
Definition
| the dopamine re-uptake mechanism |
|
|
Term
| What is hillbilly heroin? |
|
Definition
| Oxycontin (slow release Oxycodone), also known as Rush's Rush |
|
|
Term
| Buprenorphine would be rationally used to treat____. (10th, p.404). |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
All of the following are opioid agonists, except one. Pick the odd one.
a. Leu-enkephalin b. Met-enkephalin c. morphine d. heroin e. naloxone |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cocaethylene refers to a ___. |
|
Definition
| chemical combination formed from ethanol and cocaine that is, by itself, a potent stimulant and produced in vivo |
|
|
Term
| The blood brain barrier prevents _____from entering the brain. |
|
Definition
| large, water-soluble molecules |
|
|
Term
| True or false, an inability to recall recently processed information is a reliable effect of the smoke of marijuana? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| True or false, an over estimation of the amount of time that has passed is a reliable effect of the smoke of marijuana? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Anandamide is thought to be an endogenous ligand for the ____ receptor. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| n a lecture, it was stated that regular smoking of marijuana was ___. |
|
Definition
| hypothesized to induce schizophrenia, but there was little evidence to support that hypothesis. There was, however, evidence to indicate that smoking probably exacerbated the symptoms of schizophrenia among those suffering schizophrenia |
|
|
Term
| What will be the consequence of a chronic deficit of dopamine in the mesolimbic dopaminergic system? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| All of the early antischizophrenia medications have a common feature, they are ___. (13th, p 178f) |
|
Definition
| antagonists at the D2 dopamine receptor |
|
|
Term
| One of the following is the drug of first choice, and one of the first drugs used, to treat bipolar disorder. Pick it. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Currently, the most commonly prescribed drugs for anxiety disorders are benzodiazepines and __. (13th) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The United Nations calculates the global illegal drug trade to be worth $400 billion a year—more than the entire U.S. Department of Defense budget. Trade in Illegal drugs make up ___. (lecture) |
|
Definition
| a. more than the trade in textiles and more than the trade in motor vehicles ?? c. somewhat less than trade in textiles, but more than trade in motor vehicles |
|
|
Term
| A patient is brought to the emergency room with slow shallow breathing with heavy alcohol breath. The person who brought the patient relates she takes a lot of Percocet for her headaches. One of the following is probably a better treatment than the others. Pick the best treatment (each treatment should include, of course, close observation). |
|
Definition
| give her a dose of naloxone |
|
|
Term
| Percocet (325 mg acetaminophen & 5 mg oxycodone) is a dangerous drug to prescribe to a person who has back pain and who drinks alcoholic beverages at a moderately high level (no more than 3 drinks a day except on weekends when intake may be as high as 5 drinks at a party) because ___. |
|
Definition
| the combination of the three drugs is likely to cause liver-damage and the opioid might increase the appetite for alcoholic beverage |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following is apt to help a person who drinks alcoholic beverages extensively (nearly daily with binges on weekends) and who is also addicted to a doctor-prescribed painkiller acting at the mu opioid receptor. |
|
Definition
| monthly injections of long-acting naltrexone |
|
|
Term
| . Giving long-acting naltrexone (monthly injections) will likely ___ the efficiency of most programs for the treatment of alcoholism compounded by heroin-use. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Giving naltrexone with most treatment programs with the goal of curing alcoholism will ___ the efficiency of the program. (lecture) |
|
Definition
| c. increase by a wide margin (about 50% or more) |
|
|
Term
| One of the following statements is the one given in class, during the first lectures, to characterize the efficiency of treatment programs with the goal of curing alcoholism. |
|
Definition
| All widely used treatment programs are of marginal benefit. |
|
|
Term
| Which of the list of drugs is most similar to oxycodone? (lecture) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Father Young, the Priest depicted in the film-presentation shown in class is ___. |
|
Definition
| b. a real person working in the Albany-Troy area |
|
|
Term
| The pharmaceutical industry is world-wide. The U.S.A-market is more than $180 billion US-dollars. The U.S.A.-market is about __ of the total market. (13th, p 56) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 48. Alcohol myopia refers to ___. (13th, p 211) |
|
Definition
| the narrowness of cognition and perception that comes from being drunk, e.g., less awareness of even the near future, less peripheral vision |
|
|
Term
| Wernicke-Korsakoff’s syndrome is noted for ___. (13th, p 218) |
|
Definition
| a. a near permanent loss of ability to remember recent events or to learn new information |
|
|
Term
One of the following does not fit. Pick it. a. The 1906 Pure Food and Drug Act
b. Upton Sinclair's The Jungle
c. Theodore Roosevelt
d. The Volstead Act |
|
Definition
|
|
