acepromazine   

PromAce®

Class: Phenothiazine Sedative/Tranquilizer

Mode of Action: Neuroleptic (antipsychotic). Blocks Dopamine

Onset/Peak: 15 min. Peak 30-60 Minutes Dur: 4-6 Hours

Side effects: Tachycardia leading to Hypothermia, Vasodilation, Hypotension, Antiemetic, CNS depression/excitement, can cause seizures.

* No reversal agent

* Giant Breeds, Greyhounds, Boxers sensitive to Ace

diazepam

Valium® 

Class: Benzodiazepine   C-IV

Mode of Action: Depress CNS; Increase GABA, Inhibitory neurotransmitter in brain.

Duration: 20-30 minutes

Side Effects: Respiratory depression,sedation. Cats: Dysphoria & aggressive; Dogs: Disoriented and excitement.

Can be a muscle relaxant

midazolam  

Versed®  

Class: Parenteral Benzodiazepine  C-IV  

Mode of Action: Depress the CNS. Releases GABA. Inhibits neurotransmitter in the Brain.

Duration: 1-2 hr.

Side Effects: Respiratory depression,sedation,dysphoria, excitement.

atropine

Class: Anticholinergic

Mode of Action: Parasympathetic Neuroeffector.

Duration: Onset: 1-2 min. Dur: 60-90 minutes.

Side Effects: Tachycardia, vasodilation, decreased system secretions, mydriasis (dilates pupil).

glycopyrrolate  

Robinul®

Class: Anticholinergic Antimuscarinic

Mode of Action: Parasympathetic Neuroeffector.

Duration: 2-4 hrs.

Side Effects: Tachycardia, vasodilation, decreased system secretions, mydriasis (dilates pupil).

morphine

Class: Opiate Agonist  C-II

Mode of Action: Inhibits μ (mu) receptors.

Duration: 2-6 hrs.

Side Effects: Respiratory depression, sedation, emesis, physical dependency, GI effects, constipation/defecation.

 >>> IV admin avoid in Dogs<<<

May cause histamine release and vasodilation

hydromorphone

Dilaudid®

Class: Opiate Agonist C-II

Mode of Action: Primary activity (inhibits) @ μ (mu) receptors.

Duration.: 2-4 hrs.

Side Effects: Bradycardia, respiratory depression, Cats: hyperthermia, vomiting. Dogs: panting, vomiting.

fentanyl

Sublimaze®,

Duragesic®

Class: Opiate C-II

Mode of Action: μ agonist short-acting.  100x more powerful than morphine.

Duration.: 45 minutes. (injection), 72 hrs.(patches).

Side Effects: Bradycardia, respiratory depression, mydriasis (dilates pupil), CNS depression.

butorphanol 

Torbutol®

Class: Opiate Partial Agonist/Antagonist  C-IV

Mode of Action: Partially stimulate the opioid receptors [κ (kappa), μ (mu), δ (delta)].

Duration: 45-60 minutes.

Side Effects: Sedation, ataxia (failure of muscular coordination), anorexia, diarrhea, respiratory depression.

buprenorphine

Buprenex®  

Class: Opiate Partial Agonist C-III

Mode of Action: Partially stimulate the opioid receptors [κ (kappa), μ (mu), δ (delta)].

Duration: 6-8 hrs. (up to 12 hrs.)

Side Effects: Respiratory depression, CNS depression or excitement.

ketamine

Ketaset®

Class: Dissociative General Anesthetic. C-III

Mode of Action: NMDA-Receptor Antagonist

Duration: 20-30 min.

Side Effects: Tachycardia, hypertension at induction then hypotension  central dilated pupil, eye stays open.

propofol

PropoFol®

Class: Ultra short acting non-barbituate injectable anesthetic.

Mode of Action: Inhibits GABA receptors.

Duration: 5-15 minutes

Side Effects: Apnea, respiratory depression, hypotension if given too fast.

dexmedetomidine

Dexdomitor® 

Class: Alpha-2 Adrenergic Agonist

Mode of Action: Acts on the Alpha₂-Adrenergic receptors of sympathic NS and peripherally, decrease in norepinephrine (stimulates Alpha₂ receptors).

Duration: 2-4 hrs.

Side Effects: Respiratory depression, bradycardia, hypothermia, hypotension, sedation, analgesia.

tramadol

Ultram®

Class: Opiate-like Agonist

Mode of Action:Inhibits μ (mu) receptors

Duration: 2-6 hrs

Side Effects: Excessive sedation, CNS effects, GI effects, ataxia (failure of muscular coordination), excitability.

carprofen

Rimadyl®

Class: Non-steroidal Anti-inflammatory Agent (NSAID)

Mode of Action: Exhibits analgesic, anti-inflamatroy, antipyretic activity thru the inhibition of cyclooxygenase, phospholipase A₂, and prostaglandin synthesis.

Duration: 12 hrs.

Side Effects: Lethargy, gastric ulceration, GI upset.

meloxicam

Metacam®

Class:Non-steroidal Anti-inflammatory Agent (NSAID)

Mode of Action: specific. Exhibits analgesic, anti-inflamatroy, antipyretic activity thru the inhibition of cyclooxygenase, phospholipase A₂, and prostaglandin synthesis. Inhibits the COX-2 cascade process.

Duration: 24 hrs.

Side Effects: GI upset

naloxone

Narcam®

Class: Antidote; Opiate Antagonist

Mode of Action: High affinity for μ receptors. Antagonist for μ, κ, and σ (sigma) receptors.

Onset/Peak: 1-2 min./45-90 min.   May go to 3 hrs.

Side Effects: None

isoflurane

Isoflo®

Class: General Anesthetic, Inhalant

Mode of Action:Interferes with the functioning of the nerve cells in the brain.

Duration: Rebreathing 1:1, Non rebreathing 2:1

Side Effects: Bradycardia, bradypnea,hypotension,hypothermia, nausea, vomiting, ileus (blockage of the small/large intestine), CNS depression.

lidocaine

Xylocaine®

Class: Antiarryhthmic/local Anesthetic

Mode of Action: Antiagonism (blockage) of sodium channels When sodium channels of the neuron are blocked, neuron can not generate electrical impulses.

Duration: 60 minutes.

Side Effects: Bradycardia, hypotension, hypothermia.