Term
| (cell wall synthesis)Peniclillins |
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Definition
| A family of antibacterial medications; different groups vary in their spectrum of activity and their susceptibility to b-lactamases. |
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Term
| (cell wall synthesis) Natural Penicillins g & v |
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Definition
| active against gram positive and few gram negative bacteria. penicillin g is destroyed by stomach acid, and so it usually must be administered by injection. penicillin v can only be taken orally |
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Term
| (cell wall synthesis) Penicillinase-Resistant Ex. Methicillin, dicloxicillin |
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Definition
| Similar to natural penicillins, but resistant to inactivation by the penicillinase of staphyloccoci. |
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Term
| (cell wall synthesis) Broad Spectrum; Ex. ampicillin, amoxicillin. |
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Definition
| Similar to the natural penicillins, but more active against Gram Negative organisms. |
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Term
| (cell wall synthesis) Extended Spectrum; Ex. ticarcillin, piperacillin. |
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Definition
| Increased activity against Gram negative rods, including Pseudomonas species. |
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Term
| (Cell wall synthesis) B-Lactam Drugs |
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Definition
| Bacterial against a variety of bacteria; inhibits penicillin-binding proteins. Resistance is due to synthesis of B latamases, decreased affinity of penicillin binding proteins, or decreased uptake. |
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Term
(cell wall synthesis) Cephalosporins;Ex. Cephalexin,
cephradine, cefaclor, cefprozil, cefixime, cefibuten,
cefepime. |
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Definition
| a family of antibacterial medications. the later generations are generally more effective against Gram Negative bacteria and less susceptible to destruction by b-lactamases. |
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Term
| (cell wall synthesis) Carbapenems; Ex. Imipenem, meropenem |
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Definition
| Resistant to inactivation by b-lactamases. imipenem must be given in combination with a drug that inhibits certain kidney enzymes in order to avoid its activation. |
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Term
| (cell wall synthesis) Monobactams; Aztreonam |
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Definition
| Resistant to B lactamses; can be given to patients who are allergic to penicillin. Primarily active against members of the family Enterobacteriaceae. |
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Term
| (cell wall synthesis) Vancomycin |
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Definition
| Bactericidal against Gram Positive bacteria; binds to the peptide side chain of N acetylmuramic acid. Used to treat serious systemic infections and antibiotic associated colitis. In enterococci, resistance is due to a plasmid-encoded altered agent. |
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Term
| (cell wall synthesis) Bacitracin |
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Definition
| Bactericidal against Gram Positive bacteria; interferes with the transport of peptidoglycan precursors. Common ingredient in non prescription antibiotic ointments. |
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Term
| (protein synthesis) Aminoglycosides; ex. streptomycin, gentamicn, tobramycin, amikacin, neomycin. |
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Definition
| Bactericidal against aerobic and facultative bacteria; binds to the 30s ribosomal subunit, blocking the initiation of translation and causing the misreading of mRNA. Toxicity limits the use. Resistance is due to a plasmid encoded inactivating enzyme, alteration of the target molecule, or decreased uptake by a cell. Neomycin is commonly used in non prescription topical antibiotic ointments. |
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Term
| (protein synthesis) Tetracyclines ex; tetracycline, doxycycline, glycylcyclines. |
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Definition
| Bacteriostatic against some Gram positive and gram negative bacteria; binds to the 30s ribosomal subunit blocking the attachment of tRNA. Resistance is generally due to decreased accumulation, either through decreased uptake or increased efflux. |
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Term
| (protein synthesis) Macrolides; Erythromycin, clarithromycin, azithromycin. |
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Definition
| Bacteriostatic against many gram positive bacteria as well as the most common causes of atypical pneumonia; binds to the 50s subunit, preventing the continuation of protein synthesis. Used for treating patients who are allergic to B-lactam drugs. Resistance is due to an inactivating enzyme, alteration of the target molecule, or decreased uptake by a cell. |
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Term
| (protein synthesis) Chloramphenicol |
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Definition
| Bacteriostatic and broad spectrum; binds to the 50s ribosomal subunit, preventing peptide bonds from being formed. Generally only used as a last resort for life-threatening infections. Resistance is often due to a plasmid encoded inactivating enzyme. |
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Term
| (protein synthesis) Lincosamides; ex. lincomycin, clindamycin. |
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Definition
| Bacteriostatic against a variety of gram positive and gram negative bacteria including the anaerobe bacteroides fragilis. Binds to the 50s ribosomal subunit, preventing the continuation of protein synthesis. Associated with an even greater risk of developing antibiotic-associated colitis. |
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Term
| (protein synthesis) Oxazolidones;ex. Linezolid. |
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Definition
| Bacteriostatic against a variety of gram positive bacteria. Binds to the 50s ribosomal subunit, interfering with the initiation of protein synthesis. |
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Term
| (protein synthesis) Streptogramins;ex. quinupristin, dalfopristin. |
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Definition
| a synergistic combination of two drugs that bind to two different sites on the 50s ribosomal subunit, inhibiting distinct steps of protein synthesis. Individually each drug is bacteriostatic, but together they are bacteriocidal. Effective against a variety of gram positive bacteria. |
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Term
| (nucleic acid synthesis) Fluoroquinolones;ex. ciprofloxacin, moxifloxacin. |
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Definition
| Bactericidal against a wide variety of gram positive and gram negative bacteria, inhibits topoisomerases. Resistance is most often due to structural alterations in the topoisomerase target. |
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Term
| (nucleic acid synthesis) Rifamycins; ex. rifampin |
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Definition
| bactericidal against gram positive and some gram negative bacteria. binds RNA polymerase, blocking the initiation of RNA synthesis. Primarily used to treat infections caused by mycobacterium tuberculosis and as prophylaxis for patients who have been exposed to Neisseria meningtidis. |
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Term
| (folate biosynthesis) Sulfonamides |
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Definition
| Bacteriostatic against a variety of gram positive and gram negative bacteria. Structurally similar to para-aminobenzoic acid. (PABA) and therefore inhibits the enzyme for which PABA is a substrate. Resistance is most commonly due to a plasmid-encoded alternative enzyme. |
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Term
| (folate biosynthesis) Trimethoprim |
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Definition
| Often used in combination with a sulfa drug for a synergistic effect; inhibits the enzyme that catalyzes a step following the one inhibited by the sulfonamides. Resistance is commonly due to a plasmid-encoded alternative enzyme; the genes that encode resistance to sulfa drugs are often carried on the same plasmid. |
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Term
| (cell membrane integrity) Polymyxin B |
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Definition
| Bactericidal against gram negative bacteria by damaging cell membranes. Its toxicity limits its use primarily to topical applications, but it is a common ingredient in non prescription antibiotic ointments. |
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Term
| (cell membrane integrity) Daptomycin. |
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Definition
| Bactericidal against gram positive bacteria by damaging the cytoplasmic membrane. |
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Term
| (mycobacterium tuberculosis) Ethambutol |
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Definition
| inhibits the synthesis of a component of the mycobacterial cell wall. |
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Term
| (mycobacterium tuberculosis) isoniazid |
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Definition
| inhibits synthesis of mycolic acid, a major component of the mycobacterial cell wall. |
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Term
| (mycobacterium tuberculosis) Pyrazinamide |
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Definition
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