Term
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Definition
| Indications: Mild to moderate pain; reduce fever, redness, swelling, headaches, infections, arthritis, and help prevent blood clotting. MOA: Aspirin is an irreversible inhibitor of the cyclooxygenase enzymes (COX-1 & COX-2), resulting in decreased production of thromboxanes and prostagladins. Contraindications: kidney disease, alcohol use, reye's syndrome, bleeding disorders |
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Term
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Definition
| Indications: Ulcers, GERD, and combination therapy to treat H. pylori. MOA: Omeprazole is a proton pump inhibitor that irreversibly inhibits the gastric parietal cell H+/K+ ATPase. Contraindications: liver disease, pregnacy |
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Term
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Definition
| Indications: GERD, Peptic Ulcer disease, gastritis, esophagitis. MOA: Histamine 2 receptor antagonist, decreases gastric acid secretion. Contraindications:concurrent use with drugs metabolized by p450 |
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Term
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Definition
| Indications: Severe nausea and vomiting. MOA: Not completely known. But selectively antagonizes dopamine D2 receptors. Contraindications: seizure disorder, bone marrow depression. |
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Term
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Definition
| Indications: Nausea and vomiting. MOA: Serotonin 3 (5HT3) receptor antagonist. Contraindications: congenital QT syndrome |
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Term
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Definition
| Indications: Ulcers. MOA: Misoprostol is a methyl analog of PGE1. The mechanism is thought to be through the inhibition of histamine-stimulated cAMP production cAMP is the major second messenger in histamine-induced gastric acid secretion. Contraindications: pregnancy (abortifacient) |
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Term
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Definition
| Indications: To stop and prevent diarrhea. MOA: Octreotide is a synthetic analog of somatostatin. The mechanism of action is not completely known but it acts through the inhibition of various hormones (insulin, glucagon, secretin, motilin, etc). Contraindications: Thyroid disease, cardiac disease, diabetes, GH secreting tumors, biliary disease, impaired liver or renal function. |
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Term
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Definition
| Indications: Short term treatment of duodenal ulcers. MOA: When exposed to decreased pH levels Sucralfate forms a paste-like substance that adheres to proteins found on the surface of ulcers, covering the ulcerated site. Contraindications: Dysphagia, GI obstruction, chronic renal failure. |
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Term
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Definition
| Indications: Patients suffering from inflammatory bowel disease. MOA: Infliximab binds and inhibits TNF-alpha, thus reducing inflammation. Contraindications: active infections, immunosuppressed patient, latent tuberculosis, or multiple sclerosis |
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Term
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Definition
| Indications: treatment of Clostridium difficile. MOA: Inhibits the synthesis of bacterial cell wall, inhibition of RNA synthesis. Contraindications: Corn hypersensitivity, infants, hearing impairment, pregnancy IBD |
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Term
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Definition
| Indications: Used for patients suffering from IBS and have constipation. MOA: A partial 5-HT4 agonist and thus stimulates GI peristalsis. Contraindications: Severe liver disease, mod-severe bowel obstruction, and renal dysfunction. |
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Term
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Definition
| Indications: Used for patients suffering from IBS and have severe diarrhea. MOA: It function as a 5-HT antagonist by inhibiting non-selective cation channels of the GI tract. Contraindications: Constipation predominant IBS, ischemic colitis constipation, intestinal obstruction, GI perforation/adhesions, Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis |
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Term
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Definition
| Indications: Used for patients with idiopathic chronic constipation. MOA: Activates chloride channels of the apical membrane in the gastrointestinal epithelium which enhances water secretion into the intestinal lumen. Contraindications: Unknown effects in pregnancy, chronic diarrhea, GI obstruction. |
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Term
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Definition
| Indications: Used in the treatment of primary, secondary, and tertiary hypothryroidism for replacement and suppression therapy. MOA: Acts like endogenous T4 hormone, responsible for optimal growth, development, function, and maintenance of all body tissues. Contraindications: cardiovascular disorders (angine, acute MI), adrenal insufficiency, use as an obesity treatment, infertility treatment, thyrotoxicosis. |
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Term
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Definition
| Indications: Treatment of hyperthyroid conditions, thyrotoxicosis, and maintainance of euthyroid (in patients with Graves disease). MOA: Multiple mechanisms, the most important of which is to block iodination of tyrosine residues on thyroglulin. Interferes with the production of thyroid hormones. Contraindications: pregnancy, breast-feeding, warfarin, digoxin |
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Term
| Radioactive Iodide (sodium iodide, I-131) |
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Definition
| Indications: Treatment of hyperthyroid conditions and thyrotoxicosis.MOA: Incorporated into thyroid storage follicles, emits Beta radiation that destroys thryoid parenchyma. Contraindications: pregnancy, breast-feeding |
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Term
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Definition
Indications: Hypertension, angina, arrythmias, migraine prophylaxis, Taynaud's phenomenon. Also used in symptomatic treatment of thyrotoxicosis. MOA: Calcium channel blocker - inhibits the influx of extracellular calcium into the smooth muscle cells lining the coronary arteries and other arteries of the body. A potent vasodilator, increases blood flow and decreases heart rate.
Contraindications: hypotension, bradycardia, Wolff-Parkinson-White Syndrome, |
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Term
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Definition
| Indications: Inflammatory disorders, immunosuppression, glucocorticoid replacement therapy. MOA: Corticosteroid used to prevent or suppress inflammation and immune responses. Anti-inflammatory effects 2° to inhibition of Phospholipase A2, leading to decreased production of arachidonic acid. Contraindications: Cushing's Syndrome, breast-feeding, pregnancy with caution. DO NOT discontinue use abruptly as can lead to adrenal insufficiency. |
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Term
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Definition
| Indications: Inflammatory disorders, immunosuppression, glucocorticoid replacement therapy. Preferred glucocorticoid for corticoadrenal insufficiency. MOA: "Possesses both mineralocorticoid actions and glucocorticoid actions. Contraindications: Cushing's Syndrome, diabetes, hypertension, asthma, avoid alcohol |
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Term
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Definition
| Indications: Adrenalcortical insufficiency (high potency). MOA: Corticosteroid that mimics the mineralocorticoid aldosterone. Contraindications: Systemic fungal infections. |
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Term
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Definition
| Indications: Improves survial for severe CHF patients. Cirrhosis- related ascites; hyperaldosteronism. Edema, hypertension (weak effect). MOA: K+-sparing diuretic. Aldosterone antagonist. Contraindications: Diabetic nephropathy, anuria, renal disease |
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Term
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Definition
| Indications: Edema, hypertension (weak effect), treatment of Liddle's. MOA: K+-sparing diuretic. Inhibits Na-K exhange in DCT via ENaC.Contraindications: renal disease |
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Term
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Definition
Indications: Tx to lower LDL. MOA: Inhibits endogenous production of cholesterol via HMG-CoA reductase inhibition. Increases LDL receptors.
Contraindications: pregnancy/breast feeding. |
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Term
| Interferon α2b / Ribavirin |
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Definition
| Indications: Treatment of Hepatitis C. MOA: The synergystic mechanism of action has not been completely discovered. But when the two are combined there is an enhanced clearance of hep. C virus. Contraindications: renal failure |
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Term
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Definition
| Indications: Used in conjunction with counseling and support to treat alcoholism. MOA: Inhibits aldehyde dehydrogenase, causing acetaldehyde to accumulate. Causes extreme discomfort in conjunction with alcohol: flushing, throbbing headache, nausea, sweating, hypotension, and confusion.Unique pharmacokinetics: acts rapidly, slow elimination rate, inhibits metabolism of many other therapeutic agents. Adverse effects: symptoms of acetaldehyde toxicity. Contraindications: Patient must be free of alcohol use for at least 24 hours |
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Term
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Definition
| Indications: control high blood sugar in people with type 2 diabetes (non-insulin-dependent diabetes). MOA: Proposed mechanisms include: 1) Direct stimulation of glycolysis in tissues, 2) reduced hepatic and renal gluconeogenesis, 3) slowing of glucose absorption from GI tract, and 4) reduction of plasma glucagon levels.Unique pharmacokinetics: not metabolized, excreted by kidneys as an active compound. Adverse effects: GI upset and a metallic taste in the mouth may occur. Lactic acidosis. Contraindications: Elderly patients (decreased renal function). Avoid alchol due to increased risk of lactic acidosis |
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Term
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Definition
| Indications: control high blood sugar in type II diabetes. MOA: Increases insulin secretion from the pancreas. Pharmacokinetics: Binds to a high-affinity sulfonylurea receptor in the pancreas, ultimately resulting in release of preformed insulin. Adverse effects: Hypoglycemia, weight gain. Contraindications: "Caution in the elderly because they may be more sensitive to its effects, especially hypoglycemia. Avoid if pregnant or breastfeeding. |
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Term
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Definition
| Indications: control high blood sugar in people with type II diabetes. MOA: Enhances target tissue insulin sensitivity. Pharmacokinetics: Delayed action (Onset: 3 weeks; full effect: 10 to 12 weeks). Adverse effects: Weight gain, edema, hypoglycemia when used with insulin or sulfonylureas. Potential hepatotoxicity. Contraindications: Avoid with active or significant liver disease. |
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Term
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Definition
| Indications: Obesity, especially with comordid conditions such as high cholesterol, diabetes, heart disease, and HTN. MOA: Blocks intestinal absorption and digestion of dietary fat. Inhibitor of pancreatic lipase. Pharmacokinetics: Systemic exposure to orlistat is minimal. Adverse effects: changes in bowel function due to unabsorbed fat. Contraindications: Contraindicated in pts with chronic malabsorption, cholestasis, pregancy, or breastfeeding. |
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Term
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Definition
| Indications: Obesity. MOA: "Affects the area in the brain that controls hunger, providing a sense of fullness and satisfaction. A Neurotransmitter reuptake inhibitor, increasing activity of serotonin and norepinephrine in the brain. Pharmacokinetics: Well absorbed in GI tract, undergoes first-pass metabolism (reduces bioavailability), broken down into active primary and secondary amine metabolites. Adverse effects: depression, dry mouth, painful menstruation, irregular heartbeat, trouble sleeping. Contraindications: psychiatric conditions, use of MAOIs, closed angle glaucoma. |
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Term
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Definition
| Indications: Tx to lower LDL. MOA: Bile acid sequestrant, increases LDL receptors. Contraindications: drug interactions |
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Term
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Definition
| Indications: Tx to lower LDL. MOA: Inhibits exogenous absorption of cholesterol. Contraindications: severe hepatic impairment |
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Term
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Definition
| Indications: Tx to lower TG; some decrease in LDL; some increase in HDL.MOA: Decreases secretion of VLDL. Contraindications: Bleeding, PUD, hepatic disease |
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Term
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Definition
| Indications: Tx to lower TG; some decrease in LDL; some increase in HDL. MOA: Mechanism not completely known, but likely due to upregulation of endothelial LPL. contraindications: hepatic or renal impairment |
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Term
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Definition
| Indications: Onchocerciasis, Enterobius, Strongyloides, Trichuris, Ascaris. MOA: Activates Cl- channels causing tonic paralysis of helminthic musculature. Contraindications: pregnancy, concommitant GABA enhancer use. |
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Term
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Definition
| Indications: Broad spectrum, enterobius. MOA: Degenerates microtubules within cytoplasm of helminthic intestinal cells causing impairment of glucose uptake. Contraindications: known hypersensitivity, cirrhosis |
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