Term
|
Definition
study of the actions of
drugs (medications) on biological systems |
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|
Term
|
Definition
production, compounding and
dispensing of drugs (medications) |
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|
Term
|
Definition
any chemical that interacts with and
exerts an effect on a biological system
(does not create a new process) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
study of the toxic effects of
chemicals (or drugs) on biological systems |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| any chemical foreign to the body |
|
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Term
| Pure Food and Drug Act (1906) |
|
Definition
| required labeling of active ingredients |
|
|
Term
| Harrison Narcotic Act (1914) |
|
Definition
| removed narcotics from the over the counter market |
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|
Term
| Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (1938) |
|
Definition
| required documentation of safety and labeling of inactive ingredients |
|
|
Term
| Durham-Humphrey Amendments to FDC (1951) |
|
Definition
| created Legend & OTC categories - regulated by FDA |
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Term
|
Definition
| drugs requiring a prescription |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Kefauver Amendments to FDC Act (1962) |
|
Definition
| required demonstration of effectiveness |
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|
Term
| Controlled Substances Act (1970) |
|
Definition
replaced Harrison Narcotic Act and placed strict
controls on manufacture and dispensing of drugs
with potential for abuse |
|
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Term
| Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act (1994) |
|
Definition
removed regulation of vitamins, minerals, amino
acids, herbals & botanicals from purview of FDA |
|
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Term
|
Definition
-biological: plants and lower organisms
-chemical modifications of existing drugs
-computer modeling of biosystems |
|
|
Term
| There are _____ stages to developing a new drug |
|
Definition
4
investigational new drug (IND) |
|
|
Term
| Phase I of drug development |
|
Definition
| initial dose range and safety |
|
|
Term
| Phase II of drug development |
|
Definition
| usefullness and effective dose size |
|
|
Term
| Phase III of drug development |
|
Definition
| compare with best current treatment |
|
|
Term
| Phase IV of drug development |
|
Definition
| post-marketing monitoring |
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Term
|
Definition
| Theraputic or Pharmacological use |
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|
Term
| Therapeutic Use (examples) |
|
Definition
-antidepressants: to treat depression (or pain)
-analgesics: to treat pain (or stop blood clotting) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-group or family (based on pharmacological
properties)
-similarities in drug target and action |
|
|
Term
| Drugs usually have _____ names |
|
Definition
3
chemical, generic, and trade/brand name |
|
|
Term
| Of the chemical, generic, and brand/trade name, which one is the official name? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the "order" of the circulatory system (very simply)? |
|
Definition
| Left heart, body, right heart, lungs, repeat |
|
|
Term
| Two specialized area of circulation |
|
Definition
1.) heart and lungs
2.) liver, spleen, GI track |
|
|
Term
| How does the crculatory system help drugs in the body? |
|
Definition
| absorbtion, distribution, and delivery |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- it begins digestion of food
- it's acidic, contains enzymes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- continues digestion of food
- absorbs most nutrients
- neutral, contains many enzymes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The nervous system (2 branches) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 2 branches of the peripheral nervous system |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 2 branches of the autonomic nervous system |
|
Definition
-sympathetic
-parasympathetic |
|
|
Term
| Sympathetic nervous system (neurotrasmitters) |
|
Definition
epinepherine, norepinepherin
(also fight or flight response) |
|
|
Term
| Parasympathetic nervous system (neurotransmitter) |
|
Definition
acetylcholine
(also rest and digest) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- increased heart rate
- increased blood flow to skeletal muscle
- decreased blood flow to abdominal organs
- pupils dilate
- decreased GI activity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- decreased heart rate
- increased blood flow to abdominal organs
- pupils constrict
- increased GI activity: salivation, lacrimation, urination, and defecation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| salivation, lacrimation, urination, and defecation |
|
|
Term
| Neurons (3 parts and communication) |
|
Definition
- axon, cell body, and dendrites
- communicate by electrical means or chemical means
(e: action potential, c: neurotransmitters) |
|
|
Term
| What is DNA transcribed into? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is RNa translated into? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the four proteins that RNA translates into? |
|
Definition
- structural
- enzymes
- regulatory
- transport |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| viruses, prokaryotic cells, eukaryotic cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| DNA or RNA surrounded by a protein coat |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- little intrecellular compartmentation
- unicellular
- no membrane boung organelles
- <2 micrometers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- considerable intracellular compartmentation
- contains nucleus
- 5-100 micrometers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- absorbtion and distribution
- also metabolism and exretion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- drug-receptor interaction
- also metabolism and excretion
-effect shows |
|
|
Term
| Four routes of administration |
|
Definition
- enteral
- parenteral
- pulmonary
- dermal |
|
|
Term
| Enteral administration method(s) |
|
Definition
- oral
-sublingual (under tongue)
- rectal |
|
|
Term
| Enteral advatages and disadvantages |
|
Definition
Oral
A: conventient, safe, and economical
D: irritation, degradation, complex formation, first-pass effect
Sublingual
A: bypasses liver and GI, rapid absorbtion
D: bad taste, irritation
Rectal
A: bypasses liver and GI, useful in comatose patients
D: inconvenient, lack of compliance |
|
|
Term
| Parenteral methods of administration (3) |
|
Definition
- subcutaneous
- intramuscular
-intravenous |
|
|
Term
| Parenteral advantages and disadvantages |
|
Definition
Subcutaneous
A: slow rate but prolonged duration of absorbtion
D: local irritation
Intramuscular
A: faster rate with prolonged duration of absorbtion, larger volumes (5-10 mL)
D: local irritation, can be painful
Intravenous
A: very rapid action, easily controlled
D: very inconvenient, irritation of vessels |
|
|
Term
| Pulmonary method of administration (1) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Pulmonary advantages and disadvantages |
|
Definition
Inhalation
A: respiratory diseases, anesthetics
D: limited usefulness, only gases/aresols |
|
|
Term
| Dermal routes of administration |
|
Definition
- topical
- transdermal
- intranasal |
|
|
Term
| Dermal advantages and disadvantages |
|
Definition
Topical
A: convenient, effective for local actions
D: absorption into circulation, irritation
Transdermal
A: convenient, effective for prolonged action
D: difficult to develop, skin irritation
Intranasal
A: local action, useful for protein drugs
D: nasal irritation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| compatible with water (proteins and carbohydrates) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- also lipophilic
- not compatible with water (lipids) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- via lipid solubility
- high to low concentration
- goes through the membrane and the "insides" |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- via membrane carrier protein
- doesn't dissolve in membrane |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- via gaps between cells
only tiny things can use aqueous diffusion |
|
|
Term
| Absorbtion can be influenced by (2) |
|
Definition
- administration site
- blood flow to site of the body |
|
|
Term
| What do drugs use to distribute themselves throughout the body? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What two types of tissues does the plasma take the drug to? |
|
Definition
| tissues with and without receptors |
|
|
Term
| Tissues with and without receptors end up __________. |
|
Definition
With receptors: sites of excretion (also a biological response occurs)
Without receptors: sites of metabolism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- no gaps between calls (no aqueous diffusion)
- not very permeable to hydrophilic drugs
- very permeable to hydrophobic drugs
 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| most drugs interact with receptors |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| some drugs do not interact with receptors |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| measure of the extent of the response the drug elicts |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| measure of the amount of a drug required to produce a given response |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| two drugs given together produce a response equal to the sum of their individual responses |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| two drugs given together produce a response greated than the sum of the individual responses (synergism) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a drug that by itself produces a response (usually through receptor interaction) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a drug that oesn't produce a response itself, but prevents the agonist response |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| drug affects that do not achiece therapeutic goals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a side effect with potentially serious medical consequences |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| very serious adverse effect that causes cell damage or cell death |
|
|
Term
| Idiosyncratic drug response |
|
Definition
| unusual or unexpected response to a drug that occurs in inly a small percentage of individulas after drug administration |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| allergic response to a drug that occurs in only a small % of individuals after administration of a limited number of doses |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| decreased response to a drug resulting from repeated exposure to the drug |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| have little or no pharmacologial activity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| have marked pharmacological activity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| are more toxic than the parent drugs |
|
|
Term
| Sites of Drug Elimination (5) |
|
Definition
- kidney
- liver/intestine
- saliva
- sweat
- breast milk |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| filters drugs and metabolites into urine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- liver contains metabolic enzymes
- drugs and metabolites secreted into bile, then into intestine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- filtrate of blood
- contains drugs and drug metabolites |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- filtrate of blood
- contains drugs and drug metabolites |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- partial filtrate of blood
- contains drugs and drug metabolites |
|
|
Term
| Why are drugs usually taken in consistent and equally spaced doses? |
|
Definition
| to maintain plasma concentration within the therapeutic range |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the concentration of a drug is greatly reduced before it reaches the systemic circulation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| period of time required for the concentration or amount of drug in the body to be reduced by one-half |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| How much of a drug produces the maximum response before more is no longer effective |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| amount of time it takes for a drug's effects to come to "show up" after administration |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| only partial efficacy at the receptor relative to a full agonist |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a comparison of the amount of a therapeutic agent that causes the therapeutic effect to the amount that causes toxicity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the dosage range usually expected to achieve desired therapeutic effects |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| any device or drug used to prevent pregnancy |
|
|
Term
| Estrogen ______ secretion of GnRH, FSH, and LH. Estrogen _______ their release when at high levels for an extended period of time. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- gonadotropin-releasing hormone
- stimulates release of FSH and LH from the pituitary gland |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- follicle-stimulating hormone
- promotes development of the ovarian follicle containing the egg |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- luteinizing hormone
- promotes release of the egg from the ovary (LH surge) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- testosterone is an example
- development of male sex characteristics (acne and facial hair growth)
- inhibits GnRH, LH, and FSH secretion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- estradiol is an example
- development of female sex characheristics
- increases uterine wall thickness
- released from developing follicle
- mildly promotes blood clotting
- maintains bone density |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inner epithelial layer of the uterus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- in ovaries
- hold egg cells
- secretes hormones |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| secretes GnRH, FSH, and LH |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| secretes GnRH, FSH, and LH |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- development of female sex characteristics
- maintains the endometrium/pregnancy
- increases viscosity of cervical mucous making sperm entry into uterus harder
- released from corpus luteum i the ovaries and placents
- inhibits GnRH, FSH, and LH secretion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Non-hormonal, non-barrier |
|
Definition
| intrauterine devices (IUDs) |
|
|
Term
| Synthetic progestins can be derived from _______ (3) |
|
Definition
- progesterone
- androgens
- spironolactone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- daily oral synthetic estrogen
- side effects can cause blood clots |
|
|
Term
| How do estrogen contraceptives prevent pregnancy? |
|
Definition
- by inhibiting GnRH, FSH, and LH
- which prevents follicular growth and ovulation |
|
|
Term
| How do progestins contraceptives prevent pregnancy? |
|
Definition
- by inhibiting GnRH, FSH, and LH
- which prevents follicular growth and ovulation
- also increases cervical mucous viscosity |
|
|
Term
| Medroxyprogesterone (MPA) |
|
Definition
- Depo-Provera, synthetic progesterone shot once every 3 months
- can cause amenorrhea, weight gain, and mood chages |
|
|
Term
| Progestins derive from androgens |
|
Definition
- Norethindrone
- Levonorgestrel |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- daily oral pill
- can cause acne and hirsutism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Levonorgestrel (Norplant, Plan B) |
|
Definition
- low dose: Norplant (implant) or Minera (IUD)
- high dose: Plan B (emergency contraceptive)
- can cause amenorrhea and acne |
|
|
Term
| Progestine derived from spironolactone |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| drug that increases potassium levels |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- daily oral pill
- can cause high potassium as a side effect that can cause heart problems |
|
|
Term
| Intrauterine Devices (IUDs) |
|
Definition
- creates mild inflammatory state that is toxic to sperm
- Copper or levonorgestrel |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- postcoital/emergency contraceptive
- a partial agonist of progesterone receptors
- prevents ovulations
- can use up to 5 days after intercourse
- prescription only (Plan B is OTC) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- "abortion pill" up to 49 days after conception
- antagonist for progesterone
- induces shedding of endometrium
- opens cervix
- side effects can include bleeding, pelvic pain, vomiting, and diarrhea |
|
|
Term
| What, besides pregnancy, can contraceptives prevent? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| process of ovulation and menstruation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- when bones become brittle
- women are at a high risk after menopause |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| release of an ovum (egg) into Fallopian tube from ovary |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- sexually transmitted infections
- very common in the US and worldwide
- symptoms can occur wherever there's physical contact
- however most are asymptomatic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| no symptoms are produced or showing |
|
|
Term
| STIs most commonly occur in _______ (3) |
|
Definition
| genital, anal, or oral regions |
|
|
Term
| STIs are caused by _______ (5) |
|
Definition
- bacteria
- viruses
- fungi
- yeast
- protozoa |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- bumps on genital area, can be pustular
- spread by sexual intercourse
- is a viral infection
- most commonly caused by HPV |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- inflammation of the epididymis
- can cause painful or burning urination
- can be caused by gonorrhea or chlamydia
- is a bacterial infection |
|
|
Term
| Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID) |
|
Definition
- can cause infertility in women
- can cause ectopic pregnancy
- bacterial infection
- causes inflammation, discomfort, foul odored discharge, spotting or burning sensation while urinating
- if untreated it can cause long term pain and scar tissue |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- a pregnancy where the fetus starts to develop outside the uterus, usually in a fallopian tube
- can be fatal to mother
-almost always fatal to fetus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- HIV
- HPV
- Herpes
- Hep B |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- chlamydia
- gonorrhea
- syphilis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- human immunodeficiency virus
- causes AIDS
- |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- acquired immune deficiency syndrome
- caused by HIV
- transmitted through body fluids
- kills immune cells which increases opportunistic infections |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- human papillomavirus
- genital warts
- occurs in 50% of sexually active people
- asymptomatic in some
- can also cause cervical cancer
- first anti-cancer vaccine created
-transmitted through skin-to-skin contact in affected area |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- herpes simplex virus (HSV)
- type 1: oral, skin sores
- type 2: genital
- can be through intercourse or birthing
- blistering sores
- can be treated with valacyclovir |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- hepanavirus causes Hep B
- can be acute or chronic (15% chronic)
- chronic can lead to liver disease
- transmitted through fluid contact and birthing
- can be treated with lamivudie |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- reverse transcriptase inhibitors
- used to prevent and treat aids |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- protease inhibitors
- used to prevent and treat aids |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- used to treat herpes
- inhibits DNA replication
- treats relapses/outbreaks |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- used to treat Hep B
- 1st dose at birth
- 2nd at 1-2 months
- 3rd at 6-18 months |
|
|
Term
| What type of STIs have no cure, only treatments? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What treatments/cures can be given to people with bacterial, yeast, or protozoa infections? |
|
Definition
- antibiotics for bacterial STIs
- antifungals for yeast and protozoa STIs |
|
|
Term
| What is the only way to prevent the spread of STIs? |
|
Definition
| condoms (male and female) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- chlamydia trachomatis
- caused by bacteria
- considered the "silent disease" because 50% M and 75% F are asymptomatic
- S/S include abdominal pain, pain during sex, fever, painful urination, or abnormal vaginal bleeding
- can be cured by azithromycin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- protein synthesis inhibitor
- take one pill and the chlamydia is gone
- side effects include nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- neisseria gonorrhea
- bacterial infection
- often asymptomatic
- S/S: discharge, epididmytis, painful urination
- in infants it can cause blindness, joint infections, and blood disease
- can cause pustular discharge
- can be cured/treated by ceftriaxone, but can be antibiotic resistant too |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- cures/treats gonorrhea
- inhibits cell wall synthesis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- treponema pallidum
- can be asymptomatic
- primary: associated with painless sore called a chancre (10-90 days after infection)
- secondary: wide-spread rashes and flu-like symptoms
- tertiary: can be fatal (not reversible at this point)
- 75% of cases caused by male-male sex
- treated by penicillin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- "canker"
- painless sore |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- treats syphilis
- inhibits cell wall synthesis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- trichomonas vaginalis
- 15% of vaginal infections
- excessive discharge with unpleasant odor and/or color, painful urination, and vaginal itching
- increased risk of HIV
- treated by metronidazole |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- treats trichomonas
- alters metabolism of protozoa
- DNA damage
- side effects: headache, nausea, dark urine
- DO NOT mix with alcohol (even a swallow), it will cause vomiting |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- "yeast infection"
- vaginal discharge, itching, painful urination
- discharge is think and white
- "cottage cheese"
- treated with miconazole |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- treats yeast infections
- cell wall synthesis inhibition
- selective to yeast |
|
|
Term
| Quadrivalent human papillomavirus vaccine |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When should you seek treatment for STIs? |
|
Definition
| As soon as symptoms arise |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| antiviral drugs that are widely used to treat HIV/AIDS |
|
|
Term
| Reverse transcriptase inhibitors |
|
Definition
| antiretroviral drugs used to treat HIV infection or AIDS, and in some cases hepatitis |
|
|
Term
| Infection with pathogenic microorganisms |
|
Definition
- protozoa
- fungi
- bacteria
- viruses |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| able to infect or cause diease |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- food poisoning
- UTI
- strep throat |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Main differences between bacteria and viruses |
|
Definition
- size
- structure
- method of replication |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- have a cell wall and ribosomes
- nucleoid (no nucleus) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| provides strength and protection to cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| bacteria without an outer membrane |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| bacteria with an outer membrane |
|
|
Term
| Access routes for pathogenic bacteria |
|
Definition
- cuts
- contaminated food or water
- close contact with infected person or their feces
- contaminated surfaces |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| allows for entry of virus into host cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A virus needs a host cell to replicate and grow as they have no cell walls of their own
while bacteria already has all of the parts to function on its own |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| protein envelope protecting RNA/DNA |
|
|
Term
| How do viruses enter the body? |
|
Definition
- coughs and sneezes
- insect/animal bites (infected)
- bodily fluid exchange |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| By DNA replication, protein synthesis and cell wall synthesis, makes two daughter cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Viral DNA/RNA is released into host cell, nucleic acid is released into the host cell's genome, replication occurs |
|
|
Term
| How to prevent infections |
|
Definition
- avoid contamination and contact
- physical barriers (latex gloves, condoms, etc)
- regular hand washing with soap and warm water
- hand sanitizer
- wearing masks
- disinfect with chemicals, UV radiation, or heat |
|
|
Term
| How do bacteria make me sick? |
|
Definition
- they produce toxins that kill cells
- activate your immune system which is what causes fever, tiredness, and inflammation |
|
|
Term
| Systemic Bacterial Infection |
|
Definition
- when bacterial spread throughout your body
- this leads to more toxins and cell death |
|
|
Term
| Methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) |
|
Definition
| a resistant staph infection |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- very resistant to treatment
- MRSA is a superbug |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- inflammation of the stomach lining
- peptic ulcers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- strep throat
- impetigo (skin infection)
- scarlet fever (rash, fever, red tongue that looks like a strawberry) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- food poisoning
- abdominal pain and diarrhea |
|
|
Term
| Staphylococcal bacteria (Toxic shock syndrome |
|
Definition
| fever, low blood pressure, confusion, coma, organ failure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| growth of nodules (tubercles) in the tissues, especially the lung |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- prevents certain nerves from functioning
-can result in muscle paralysis
-anti-wrinkle Botox!!!! |
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Term
| What do good bacteria do? |
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Definition
| prevent growth of pathogenic bacteria |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| substance or compound that kills or inhibits the growth of bacteria |
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Term
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Definition
- along with penicillin produces antibiotics
- made sythetically |
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Term
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Definition
ability of an antibiotic agent to cause harm to the microbes without causing significant change to the host
(duck, duck, goose concept) |
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Term
| Protein synthesis inhibitors |
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Definition
- prevent bacteria from synthesizing proteins
- can treat a wide variety of bacterial infections |
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Term
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Definition
| Protein synthesis inhibitor |
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Term
|
Definition
| Protein synthesis inhibitor |
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Term
| Cell wall synthesis inhibitors |
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Definition
- prevent bacteria from making cell walls
- major side effect is allergies
- main drugs are penicillins and cephalosporins |
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Term
|
Definition
- inhibit essential bacterial enzymes
- used to treat UTIs |
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Term
| Ciprofloxacin (fluoroquinolones) |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
| Allergic responses to antibacterial use |
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Definition
- penicillin allergy (~10% pop)
- rashes
- anaphylaxis (low bp, difficulty breathing) |
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Term
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Definition
- bacteria can mutate or evolve when challenged by antibiotics
- main cause is over-prescription or misuse |
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Term
| Preventing Bacterial Resistance |
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Definition
- use high doses of correct antibiotics
- use as indicated |
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Term
| Multi-drug resistant tuberculosis |
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Definition
- difficult to treat
- takes several drugs and 6-12 years |
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Term
|
Definition
- inappropriate prescription (doctor)
- inappropriate use (patient) |
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Term
| What are the majority of antibiotics used for? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
- use antibiotics to prevent illness
- promotes faster growth
- compensates for poor conditions
- problem is it generate antibiotic resistant bacteria that can be transferred to humans |
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Term
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Definition
| antibiotic use or overuse can kill good bacteria which can allow bad bacteria to invade and grow |
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Term
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Definition
| drug used to prevent or relieve a cough |
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Term
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Definition
- viral infection of nose and throat
- rhinovirus
- pneumovirus
- no treatments for the cold, just the symptoms (OTC)
- will last 7-14 days no matter what |
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Term
|
Definition
- common flu
- viral infection of respiratory tract
- causes fever and muscle ache |
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Term
| Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever |
|
Definition
- bacterial infection transmitted by a tick
- S/S: fever, headache, rash especially on distal parts of limbs
- can be fatal if not treated
- treated by doxycycline (immediately after S/S) |
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Term
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Definition
- stimulates an individual's immune system to develop adaptive immunity to a pathogen
- a biological preparation
- helps hos destroy viruses or bacteria before infection develops |
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Term
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Definition
- inflammation of protective membranes covering the brain and spinal cord
- can cause brain damage, hearing loss, and learning disabilities |
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Term
| How do viruses make me sick? |
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Definition
- they enter cells for replication and then destroy or compromise the host cells
- activates immune system which causes fever, tiredness, and/or swelling |
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Term
|
Definition
- prevents viral uncoating and entry into cells
- treats influenza |
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Term
|
Definition
- inhibits viral DNA replication
- used to treat herpes and HIV |
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Term
|
Definition
- amantadine
- valacyclovir |
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Term
|
Definition
- made by virus-infected host cells allowing them to resist viral propagation
- degradation of viral mRNA
- inhibition of viral protein synthesis
- treats chronic Hep B & C |
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Term
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Definition
| retained ability to replicate but no longer cause illness (measles, mumps, etc) |
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Term
| Will antibiotics treat viruses? |
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Definition
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Term
| Using antibiotics wrong, as in trying to treat a cold or the flue is a main cause of _________ |
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Definition
| antibiotic-resistant bacteria |
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Term
| Pseudoephedrine (Sudafed) |
|
Definition
- vasoconstriction effect (decreases nasal swelling and mucus production)
- bronchodilation (expands bronchii)
- side effects: increases blood pressure and heart rate |
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Term
|
Definition
- decreases viscosity of mucus
- eases breathing
- can cause allergic reaction |
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Term
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Definition
- useful for painful coughs
- it is a prescription drug because it is addictive
- has sedative and analgesic effects |
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Term
|
Definition
- does not have sedative or analgesic effects
- common in non-drowsy or daytime cold medications |
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Term
| Diphenhydramine (Benadryl) |
|
Definition
- antihistamines
- decreases bronchoconstriction (eases breathing)
- sedative effect
- in allergy medications |
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Term
|
Definition
- mono
- "the kissing disease"
- S/S: fever, sore throat, swollen lymph nodes, sometimes swollen spleen
- spread by saliva
- can last 1-12 months
- treatment is symptomatic |
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Term
| Which is more severe, bacterial or viral meningitis? |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
- caused by E. coli mostly
- S/S: frequent urge to urinate, pain while urinating, small urine volume
- treatment (1-2 days) with ciprofloxacin
- cranberry juice's tannins reduce adherence of bacteria |
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Term
|
Definition
- treats Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever
- protein synthesis inhibitor |
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Term
|
Definition
- spread by infected mosquitoes or sexual intercourse with an infected person or to a fetus
- S/S: fever, rash, conjunctivitis, muscle and joint pain, headache
- most people are asymptomatic
- no vaccine as of yet so use insect repellent, wear long clothes, etc |
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Term
| Zika causes what birth defect most commonly? |
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Definition
| Microcephaly (small brain and skull) |
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