-abuse

- continued use despite related problems

-increased tolerance

-withdrawal symptoms

compulsie patter of drug-seeking and drug-taking behavior

-dependence

-neurobiological disease

-achieve reward/relief

-behavior impairments

CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

CNS

PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

PNS

outside spinal cord

-somatic nervous system

-autonomic nervous system

'receptor neurons'

carry nerve impulses TOWARD CNS

'effector nerves'

carry nerve impulses AWAY CNS

PARASYMPATHETIC

NERVOUS SYSTEM

responsible for regulation of internal organs and glands

rest and digest

SYMPATHETIC

NERVOUS SYSTEM

mobilize the body's resources under stress; maintain homeostasis

fight or flight

increases storage of energy

derives from cranial and sacral regions

involved in arousal and the expenditure of energy

derives from thoracic and lumbar regions

"small brain"

rich in neurons for receiving information

responsible for coordinated movements

oligodendrocytes

astrocytes

microglial cells

wrap around axon

allows faster conduction of neurons

production of myelin

dendrites

axon

soma

transmits electrochemical signal

chemical info diffuses from axon to dendrite

the inside of the cell is more negative than the outside of the cell

+++++++

|------------|

the inside of the cell is more positive than the outside of the cell

-----------

|++++++|

electrical change traveling down the length of the axon ; change has to be a depolarization situation. 

more positive=more flow

axodendritic

axoaxonic

axosomatic

most common

terminating an area of a dendrite without a small nodule

most proteins and receptors

best kind of synapse because it doesnt have enough space for chemical to diffuse. 

inhibitory purpose

regulate process

designed to release NT; increase likeliness of transmitting information

exciatory

represent the most common points of synapse formation

a lot of dendritic spines=efficient at sending and receiving information

True/False

there is physical contact between the axon terminal & receptors

where the chemical information is coming from

ORIGIN

axon terminal

where the chemical information is going to act

DESTINATION

distal (receiving) cell

True/False

we always release more NT than we need

'reuptake mechanism'

release NT and excess amount of NT will be taken back (like a vacuum), take NT back up to presynaptic terminal

cocaine will bind terminal and block it so the NT cannot be "sucked" back up to presynaptic terminal

excess of dopamine

result: excessive stimulation

Postsynaptic receptors

2 main categories

ionotropic receptors

metabotropic receptors

excitation

inhibition

Autoreceptors of presynaptic receptors:

binding of ligand reduces NT release

[inhibits]

...therefore..

Autoreceptors of presynaptic receptors:

blocking increases NT released

[exciatory]

..therefore..

glutamate has a flow of (+/-) ions into interior cell

(depolarization/hyperpolarization)

+

depolarization 

GABA binds to influx of (+/-) ions

(depolarizaion/hyperpolarization)

-

hyperpolarization

transporter proteins

location and purpose

found in presynaptic membrane

purpose is to retrieve the NT from the synaptic cleft

postsynaptic density:

why is it dark?

given cholinesterease --> inhibits Alzheimers

does not prevent but slows the process

-Catecholamines

- serotonin

acetylcholine

-Amino Acids

-Peptides

-Gases

Norepinepherine

Dopamine

GABA

Glutamate

NT in PNS:

ANS: Sympathetic division:

cholinergic neurons from the CNS synapse on __________ neurons in the ANS

NT in the PNS:

ANS: Parasympathetic division:

cholinergic neurons from the CNS synapse on ___________ neurons in the ANS

NT in the CNS

endorphins

regulators of pain and sansation. contribute to amnesia and memory loss for traumatic events; dulling the pain. 

remember the event but don't re-live the pain

NT in CNS:

oxytocin

horomone released to begin contraction to get baby out. 

responsible for feelings towards loved ones

Cholinergic

dopaminergic

noradrenergic

serotonergic

waking behavior, memory

degenerates during alzheimers