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| per capita consumption of alcohol in US (over 14yoa) |
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25 gal beer
3 gal wine
1.5 gal liquor |
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| alcohol is absorbed mostly through the |
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| after alcohol is distributed through the blood, ___ of it gets to the brain |
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| alcohol is metabolized by the ____ at a fixed rate |
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| alcohol-> _____ -> acetic acid -> H2O + CO2 -> ____ |
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| What degrades acetayldehyde? |
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| acetaldehyde dehydrogenase |
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| used to "detoxify" substances in the liver |
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| women have ____ ALDH in their systems then men |
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| antabuse is an ______ for ALDH, that when taken with alcohol will make you ______ |
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| What 4 systems does alcohol primarily act upon? |
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Definition
cardiovascular
GI tract
liver
brain |
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| 3 factors correlated with hangovers |
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Definition
BAC
congeners
alcohol is a diuretic-makes you dehydrated |
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Definition
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| it is bad to abruptly stop chronic alcohol use because... |
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Definition
| of the compensation effects |
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| drug dispositional tolerance |
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Definition
| your body gets rid of the drug more efficiently |
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| pharmacodynamic tolerance |
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Definition
| change in up/down regulation |
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Term
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Definition
| taking one drug will alter the effects of another drug |
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| adoption studies show that individuals who's parents are alcoholics are _____ as likely to become alcoholics in the future |
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| alcoholics and their children are ______ to external stimuli |
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| major pieces of drug legislation have often been influenced by... |
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Definition
| highly publicized tragedies |
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| bare bones history of drug regulation |
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pure food and drug
shirley amendment
food drug and cosmetic act
humphrey-durham amendment
kefauver-harris amendment |
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Definition
generally recognized as safe
generally recognized as effective |
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| the common cold is generally the ____ or the ____ virus |
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pseudoephedrine
phenylpropanalomine |
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chlorpheniramine maleate
diphenhydramine |
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| analgesic, anti-pyretic, anti-inflammatory |
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analgesics
anti-inflammatory |
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| opioids/opiates come naturally from the... |
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Definition
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| _____ is a synthetic version of morphine |
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Definition
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| in 1874, _____ invented heroin and marketed it as a nonaddictive pain reliever |
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Definition
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Definition
localized
visceral
cancer
phantom
referral |
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| morphine acts on the receptors for _____. |
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Definition
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para-aqueductal gray
pain center
releases endorphins |
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Definition
| AP are decreased when opioid neurons open the K+ channel, making the cell more negative |
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| opioid neurons ______ Ca2+ in non-opioid axon endfoot |
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Definition
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| 3 types of opioid receptors |
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Definition
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| withdraw from opiates consists of (5) |
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Definition
pain
diarrhea
coughing
disphoria
dilated pupils |
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| methadone maintenance prevents... |
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Definition
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| 4 effects of amphetamines |
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Definition
increased arousal
changes in mood
cognitive
psychosis |
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| amphetamines are _____ soluble |
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Definition
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| when taken orally, amphetamines peak at around... |
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Definition
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| when taken intranasally amphetamines peak at around... |
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Definition
| fifteen to thirty minutes |
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| amphetamine is an ____ that causes the neurotransmitter to be... |
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Definition
agonist
released abnormally |
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| the classic withdrawal symptoms are not present for _____ |
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Definition
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Definition
| dopmines vesicles leak out dopamine until it is depleted causing anheddonia and Parkinsons-like symptoms |
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| in psychotherapy, MDMA is used to |
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Definition
| fcilitate insight and empathy |
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| efects of moderate doses of MDMA (6) |
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Definition
increased heart rate and blood pressure
increased boyd temp and less sweating
mild euphoria
enhanced sensory perception
increased energy and confidence
increased sexual arousal (for some) |
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| negative effects of MDMA (3) |
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Definition
increased stress
increased arousal
brain damage |
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| MDMA damages _____ systems in the ____ |
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Definition
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Definition
coca plant
coca paste
cocaine hydrachloride
crack cocaine
free base (cocaine + ether) |
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Definition
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| the anti-drug abuse act of 1986 created _________ for cocaine and crack |
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Definition
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| methods of cocaine administration |
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Definition
snorted
chewed
injected
smoked |
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| cocaine is metablozied by |
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Definition
| enzymes in the blood and liver |
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| cocaine has a half life of |
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Definition
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| cocaine works as a local anesthetic by... |
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Definition
| blocking voltage-gated Na+ channels. |
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| cocaine dependence does not show... |
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emotional
cognitive
physical |
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| nigrostriatal motor system (NMS) |
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Definition
| substantia nigra -> striatum -> basal ganglia |
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| amphetamines cause a leakage of ____ and block the reuptake in the _____. |
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Definition
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| compared to amphetamines, methylpheidate is... (3) |
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Definition
less addictive
has less peripheral effects
better in clinical trials |
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| MDMA is often used at ______ which intensifies the dangers of ______. |
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