Term
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Definition
bupropion, venlafaxine, prednisone, stimulants, theophylline and antineoplastics |
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Term
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Definition
benzodiazepine receptor agonists (BZRAs and BZDs) and melatonin receptor agonist |
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Term
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Definition
BDZ, BZRAs not previously chosen |
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Term
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Definition
sedating low dose antidepressant |
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Term
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Definition
combo of BZRAs and antidepressant; anecdotal evidence at this point, makes sense as they have differing MOA without as many SEs |
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Term
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Definition
Restoril (temazepam), Halcion (triazolam) |
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Term
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Definition
has more rebound anxiety, makes old people crazy, and not recommended for first line |
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Term
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Definition
binds the BZD receptor on GABAergic neurons to increase INHIBITORY firing in the CNS |
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Term
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Definition
better sedative hypnotic effects than long acting BZDs but more anxiety and withdrawal symptoms |
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Term
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Definition
alprazolam, clonazepam, lorazepam, oxazepam, and temazepam |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Ambien (zolpidem), Sonata (zaleplon), and Lunesta (eszopiclone) |
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Term
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Definition
of the intermediate acting, it is most commonly used for sleep |
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Term
HA, dizziness, day time sedation, parasomnias, potential for CNS depression |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
reduce sleep latency, increased total sleep time; no tolerance, dependence, rebound insomnia "hangover" |
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Term
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Definition
reduces sleep latency; if taken with food will increase daytime sedation without increased sleep benefit |
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Term
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Definition
FDA approved for chronic insomnia, decreased awakening and sleep onset; increased HA and unpleasant taste |
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Term
Melatonin receptor agonist |
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Definition
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Term
MOA melatonin receptor agonist |
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Definition
agonist at MT1 and MT2 contributing to sleep promotion and maintenance of circadian rhythm |
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Term
most appropriate for patients with a history of substance abuse and has less side effect profile for elderly patients |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
trazedone, mirtazapine, doxepin |
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Term
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Definition
little anti-cholinergic effect, studied as an adjunct sleep aid with full dose antidepressant |
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Term
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Definition
associated with wt gain but effective in elderly patients with comorbid depression and wt loss |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
monamine oxidase inhibitors |
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Definition
isocarboxazid, phenelzine, tranylcypromine, selegiline |
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Term
MAOIs mechanism of action |
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Definition
suppress REM sleep, no effect on memory, transient alleviation of depressive symptoms |
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Term
|
Definition
amitriptyline, desipramine, nortriptyline, imipramine |
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Term
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Definition
suppresses REM sleep, no effect on memory, more often used as sleep aids than antidepressants |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
antihistamine for sleep aids |
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Definition
unfavorable SE profile, used often but little support for use in insomnia but occasional use could be beneficial |
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Term
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Definition
possibly the most used insomnia self-treatment |
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Term
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Definition
not recommended due to: short duration of action, adversely affects sleep stages/ cycles, exacerbates sleep apnea and large potential for abuse and dependence |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
small benefit on sleep latency but no significance in sleep duration; inconsistent effects on sleep continuity and structure |
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Term
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Definition
small effect on sleep latency, little to no effect on wakening and total sleep time; studies show there is chronobiotic effect but no hypnotic effect |
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Term
FDA approved but not recommended |
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Definition
chloral hydrate, barbituates, and non-barbituate/ non-BZD (meprobamate) |
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Term
|
Definition
can be used to procedural sedation or EtOH withdrawal suppression |
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Term
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Definition
Orexin/ hypocretin-cells in the brain that maintain wakefulness |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
PAP, wt loss, surgical treatment, oral appliances and pharmacotherap |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
continuous positive airway pressure that keeps airways open |
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Term
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Definition
bilevel positive airway pressure, that provides less pressure for the expiration and more pressure for inspiration |
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Term
surgical options for sleep apnea |
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Definition
adenoidectomy, tonsillectomy, bariatric surger and tracheostomy |
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Term
|
Definition
acetazolamide, theophylline, progesterone |
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Term
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Definition
carbonic anhydrase inhibitor leads to metabolic acidosis; lowers the CO2 apnea threshold |
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Term
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Definition
increases central respiratory drive and cardiac contractility in cases of SOB |
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Term
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Definition
increases chemoreceptiveness and improves daytime gas exchange in OH |
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Term
narcolepsy treatment: daytime sleepiness |
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Definition
stimulants: modafanil/ammodafamil, amphetamines and maxindol |
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Term
narcolepsy treatment: cataplexy |
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Definition
antidepressants: TCAs, (SS, SN, NSRIs), and MAOIs |
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Term
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Definition
chemically unrelated to amphetamine and methylphenidates |
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Term
|
Definition
alpha 1 stimulation, direct and indirect stimulation of dopamine, serotonergic/ GABAergic are all possible |
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Term
side effect profile for modafanil |
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Definition
HA (should resolve ater weeks of treatment), nausea, and nervousness |
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Term
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Definition
less reductionin appetite and less effect on blood ressure than amphetamine products |
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Term
|
Definition
low dose dopamine release is greater than NE and 5HT release; high dose monaminergic depletion and reuptake inhibition occurs (not seen with methylphenidate use) |
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Term
SE profile for stimulants |
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Definition
minor irritability, hyperactivity, mood changes, HA, palpitations, sweating, tremors, anorexia, insomnia |
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Term
|
Definition
neurotransmitter that may acti via stimulation of GABA-B, silencing DAminergic neurons |
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Term
treats cataplexy in narcolepsy and may enhance daytime alertness and improve night sleep |
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Definition
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|
Term
SE profile for sodium oxybate |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
worsens cataplexy seizures |
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|
Term
increases oral contraceptive metabolism |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
dopamine agonist with DOPA decaarboxylase inhibitor; used in RLS |
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Term
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Definition
SE of L-DOPA with Carbidopa |
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Term
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Definition
decreases nausea associated with levodopa |
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Term
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Definition
ergot derivative and dopamine agonist, pro-lactin inhibitor |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
pramipexole and popinirole |
|
Definition
binds to D2 and D3 (non-ergot) dopamine |
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Term
dizziness, hypotension, nausea |
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Definition
SE or pramipexole and popinirole |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
potential for benefit in pts who cannot tolerate the insomnia from dopamine agonists and when avoiding opiods is optimal |
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Term
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Definition
iron supplementation is appropriate for patients who are anemic and have RLS, magnesium has been associated with improving symptoms of RLS |
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