Term
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Definition
| drugs producing altered or new sensations and perceptions that do not physically exist |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| mind-expanding, revealing, clarifying, one-ness |
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Term
serotonin (5-hydroxytrptamine)-like
norepinephrine (noradrenaline)-like |
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Definition
| hallucinogens are related to what kind of neurotransmitters |
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Term
| sertonin-like hallucinogens |
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Definition
LSD
Psilocybin ('shrooms)
Lysergic acid amide (morning glory seeds)
DMT, Harmine (both from bark S. America) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| important in mood, level of general arousal, depression, smooth muscle/blood vessel contraction |
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Term
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Definition
| diffuses projections to most of the brain |
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Term
| reticular activating system |
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Definition
responsible for motivation, attention, consciousness
point of convergence for signals from the external world and from interior environment
where the world outside of you, your thoughts and feeling from "inside" of you, meet |
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Term
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Definition
| thought to primarily activate 5-HT receptors |
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Term
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Definition
| primarily acts by activating serotonin receptors and usually inhibitory |
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Term
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Definition
Schedule: I
Tolerance: very rapid
Addiction: Relatively Low
- does not produce daily desire for drug
- taken along with other drugs
Low Toxicity
- higher doses = higher chance of bad trips
- tolerance
High potency |
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Term
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Definition
excitation of the sympathetic nervous system
- enchanced HR and BP
- dilation of pupils
-vasoconstriction
increased body temperature |
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Term
| LSD hallucinogenic effects |
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Definition
-distortion of visual images and body sensations
-synesthesia: visual & auditory sensations mixed/switched
-euphoria, lowered tension
-mind/body separation |
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Term
| LSD hallucinogenic side effects |
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Definition
-emotional swings
-sometimes part of an overall good experience
-panic
-can be talked down out of panic
-sedatives |
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Term
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Definition
-less than potent than LSD
-hallucinations more visual
-less prone to panic
-cross-tolerance to LSD |
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Term
| Lysergic acid amide (morning glory seeds) |
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Definition
-low potency
-side effects include depression, anxiety, and physical responses to the seeds/other chemicals (such as vomiting, headaches, nausea) |
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Term
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Definition
-reduced anxiety, lower defensiveness
-enhances insight and one's empathy
-used by psychiatrists to enhance more direct communication
-low addiction |
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Term
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Definition
| -causes initial rise in serotonin and dopamine release-rush within 1 hour, lasting 2-3 hours -hyperthermia -low doses: consciousness aleration without hallucinations, tension in the lower jaw -high doses resemble LSD -behavior effects depend highly on set and setting |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| LSD and Psilocybin mechanisms |
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Definition
| binds directly to some types of serotonin receptors |
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Term
-neocortex
-basal ganglia
-amygdala
-hypothalamus
-hippocampus |
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Definition
| brain areas affected by Ecstasy |
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Term
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Definition
-heightened perceptions
-stimulation
-reduced appetite
-elevated mood |
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Term
| adverse effects of Ecstasy |
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Definition
-clouded thinking
-hyperthermia
-disturbed behavior
-jaw-clenching |
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Term
| life-threatening effects of Ecstasy |
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Definition
-hyperthermia
-arythmias
-renal failure |
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Term
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Definition
-glutamatergic neurotransmitter receptors
-refers to an amino acid that specifically excites this receptor |
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Term
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Definition
-distributed widely throughout the brain
-primarily post-synaptic |
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Term
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Definition
| see slides about NMDA Antagonists |
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Term
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Definition
-analgesia - subjective feelings of dissociation
-visual and auditory hallucinations
-deficits in memory, attention, etc.
-agitation, anxiety, aggression
-euphoria
-flattened affect |
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Term
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Definition
-used medically as general anesthetic
-treatment for opiate withdrawal (experimental)
-reducing damage to the brain (experimental)
-treatment for despression (experimental) |
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Term
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Definition
-NMDA
-injection primarily for medical uses
-illicit use: usually snorted or taken orally
-date rape drug
-short half life (1 to 3 hours) |
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Term
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Definition
-NMDA
-only illicit uses
-sprinkled on tobacco, marijuanna, or parsley & smoked
-snorted
-taken orally
-moderate to long half life (11 to 51 hours) |
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Term
| tolerance, dependence, withdrawal |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| a condition of the living animal or plant body or of one of its parts that impairs normal functioning and is typically manifested by distinguishing signs and symptoms |
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Term
-risk factors
-pathology (some sort of change in an organ, tissues, cells, etc.)
-symptoms |
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Definition
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Term
-socioeconomic status
-family environment |
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Definition
| environmental risk factors for addiction |
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Term
-aldehyde dehydrogenase
-enzymes that break down cannabinoids
-dopamine transporter, receptor |
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Definition
| genetic risk factors for addiction |
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Term
-memory learning
-reward
-inhibitory control
-motivation |
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Definition
| things to be considered in developing strategies to effectively treat addiction |
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Term
reward pathway: decreased activation via tolerance
inhibitory control: decreased activation
things associated with drug: craving and brain activation |
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Definition
| long terms effects of drugs on the brain |
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Term
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Definition
| changes in ______ after prolonged alcohol exposure |
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Term
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Definition
| part of the brain damaged due to prolonged drug use |
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Term
-normal things don't feel good
-depression due to decreased dopamine
-extreme cravings
-poor judgmental and other cognitive skills |
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Definition
| symptoms of prolonged drug use |
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Term
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Definition
-acquisition
-maintenance
-extinction
-reinstatement
-locomotor behavior
-other behavior
+anxiety
+learning/memory tasks |
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Term
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Definition
| measures the amount of a neurotransmitter in a particular brain area |
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Term
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Definition
-can inactivate a brain area
-look at changes in behavior |
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Term
| neuronal recordings technique |
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Definition
| measure the activity of neurons during behavior |
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Term
| neuronal recordings technique |
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Definition
| measure the activity of neurons during behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| can use targeted mutations or expressions |
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Term
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Definition
| improper or excessive use or treatment, misuse |
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Term
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Definition
| a maladaptive pattern of substance use leading to clinically significant impairment or distress |
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Term
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Definition
-tolerance
-dependence
-substance taken in larger amounts/over longer period than intended
-persistent desire or unsuccessful effort to control use |
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Term
-animal
-epidemiological: studying causes and distribution of disease in general population
-twin/adoption
-human molecular/genetic |
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Definition
| different types of studies of addiction |
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Term
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Definition
| ________ and those things that regulate them may be important for addiction |
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Term
| Magnetic Resonance Imaging |
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Definition
| measures oxygen delivery to brain areas |
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Term
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Definition
| measures oxygen delivery to brain areas during tasks |
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Term
| Positron Emission Topography scan |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| brain activation to nictoine cues correlates with craving levels in _________ |
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Term
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Definition
| strong relationship between reward and ________ |
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Term
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Definition
| people with a low levels of dopamine receptors (predisposition) find high D2-R levels pleasant or unpleasant? |
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Term
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Definition
| damage to ______ often relates to effortless quitting leading researchers to believe the it may play an important role in cravings |
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Term
| cognitive behavioral therapy |
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Definition
| utilizes learning process to re-shape our behavioral responses to stimuli, craving, situations, etc. |
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Term
| conditioning/extinction/learning therapy |
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Definition
-has been most successful for treatment of phobias
-had little success in treating drug addiction |
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Term
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Definition
| methadone acts in a similar manner as heroin in the brain, but has ____ onset, _____ maximal effect, and ______ duration |
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