Term
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Definition
| Coke, Dust, Snow, Yayo, Blow, Powder |
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Term
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Definition
5000 years in Bolivia and Peru
Coca leaves chewed by Incas
Alfred Nieman extracted active ingredients (1850s)
Sigmund Freud popularized cocaine |
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Term
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Definition
Prescribed to morphine addicts
1906 - 1/2 as many users in US as in '76
1906 - Food and Drug Act
1914 - Harrison Narcotics Act
1930 - Cocaine disappeared
1985 - Crack uses exploded |
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Term
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Definition
| Cocaine content had to be listed in products |
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Term
| Harrison Narcotic Act (1914) |
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Definition
| Cocaine required prescription |
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Term
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Definition
1930 - used to treat many illnesses
1965 - FDA given authority to regulate dist. and manuf.
1970s - avail. from illegal manuf.
1980s - use declined but is now back up |
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Term
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Definition
| Meth is more potent than d-amp, which is more potent than l-amp |
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Term
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Definition
Used as an RX for ADHD, narcolepsy and obesity
Pure d-amp = crystal meth, ice, crank |
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Term
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Definition
Smoked b/c of purity
Started in West and moved East
Dangerous to make |
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Term
| Combat Meth Epidemic Act (2006) |
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Definition
All products containing ephedrine and pseudophedrine sold OTC
Must sign log, be over 18, limited quantity |
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Term
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Definition
Oral - amp = good; cocaine = bad
Intranasally - cocaine = good; amp = painful
Intravenous - both very effective |
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Term
| Duration of Action of Cocaine/Amp |
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Definition
Cocaine - oral = 2-3 min., peak in 15-20; duration = less than an hour
Amphetamine = oral = 30 min, peak in 2-3 hours, duration - 10-12 hours |
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Term
| Cocaine and Neurotransmission |
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Definition
Primary: DA and NE
Some influence on 5HT
Blocks reuptake and inhibits MAO |
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Term
| Amphetamine and Neurotransmission |
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Definition
Stimulates release of DA and NE
Blocks reuptake of DA and NE |
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Term
| Cocaine Biotransformation and Excretion |
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Definition
Bio: bloodstream
Ex: kidneys |
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Term
| Amphetamine Biotransformation and Excretion |
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Definition
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Term
| Effects of Cocaine and Amphetamine |
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Definition
| Increased HR, Increased BP, Increased RR, Pupil dilation, Changes in bloood flow, Increased sweating |
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Term
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Definition
| Insomnia, Anorexia, Mood elevation, Alertness and arousal, Sexual effects (increased interest, men impotence) |
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Term
| Low doses Major Stimulants Effects |
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Definition
| Increased arousal and alertness, improve performance on simple tasks, produce mild euphoria, increase sex drive |
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Term
| High Doses of Major Stimulant Effects |
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Definition
| Intense feeling of euphoria, hyperactivity, reptitive behaviors, manic, severe crash after drug wears off |
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Term
| Side Effects of Major Stimulants |
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Definition
| Stimulant psychosis, euphoria turns to paranoid delusion, tactile and auditory hallucinations, disrupted associative thinking, aggressive, formication (bugs crawling on skin) |
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Term
| Toxicity of Major Stimulants |
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Definition
| Heart attack or cerebral hemorrhage (stroke), severe depression leads to suicide, may induce seizures with resp. paralysis |
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Term
| Tolerance of Major Stimulants |
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Definition
| Decrease NT stores and receptor down regulation, induces depression, appetite supression develops rapid tolerance |
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Term
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Definition
| 10X-50X normal street dose, depletes DA and degenerates DA terminals |
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Term
| Dependence of Major Stimulants |
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Definition
| Moderate for occasional use via oral or intranasal route, IV or smoking = severe dependence potential |
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Term
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Definition
Cathinone = active ingredient
Chewed
Synthetic Version = meth-cathinone |
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Term
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Definition
Arecoline = active ingredient
Cholinergic agonist
Not a high abuse potential |
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Term
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Definition
Herbal Tea
Isolated in 1920s
Bronchodilator for asthma
Structure similar to epinephrine |
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Term
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Definition
| Most common drug in world, belongs to methylxanthines |
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Term
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Definition
Tea dates back to 2737 B.C., Chinese legend
Coffee cultivated in Ethiopia in 575 A.D.
Primarily used as religious drinks but eventually became very important in world commerce and development |
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Term
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Definition
1st coffee house in Constantinople in 1554
England - London = 2000 coffee houses by 1700
Primary commodity of European colonies |
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Term
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Definition
Used in China for thousands of years before going East
Medicinal Use for headaches and keep awake during prayer
1st brought to England in 1657
1773 - East India Tea Company allowed to sell tea to American colonies tax free and bypass American merchants - Boston Tea Party resulted |
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Term
| Sources of Methylxanthines |
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Definition
Natural: coffee, tea, chocolate, Kola nut
Synthetic: cola, pharmaceuticals
Tea has 1/2 caffeine content but theophylline which is more potent than caffeine |
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Term
| Route of Caffeine Administration |
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Definition
| Oral from beverages or medications |
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Term
| Physiological Effects of Caffeine |
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Definition
| Mood, alertness, task performance, blood pressure, heart rate, sleep cycle, anxiety, appetite suppression, nociception |
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Term
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Definition
Some block of GABA receptors
Effects are mediated by blockade of adenosine receptor (neuromodulator) which modulate effects of other NT (inhibitory NM)
Modulates NE, DA, ACh, Gluta, and GABA
Leads to increased Ca in axon terminal |
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Term
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Definition
Normal doses: alertness, sustained attention, faster thought, reduced fatigue, arithmetic may be impaired
Heavy doses: agitation, anxiety, tremors, panting, and insomnia |
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Term
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Definition
| Coronary artery dilator and bronchodilation, increase HR, constricts cerebral arteries, acts as diuretic |
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Term
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Definition
| Indigestion, papitations, tremor, insomnia, conflicting data on reproductive effects, osteoporosis, cholesterol increases |
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Term
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Definition
Caffeinism: 10 cups or more a day
Cardiac arrhtymias = 10-20 grams
Lethal dose = 10 grams |
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Term
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Definition
Dependence producing
Withdrawal effects due to increased adenosine receptor density and increased adenosine sensitivity
Withdrawal = not fatal but includes depression, fatigue, irritability, muscle aches, head aches |
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Term
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Definition
Smoking among early Mayans as part of religious ceremonies
Europeans 1st exposure was from Colombus - not well thought of at first
Raleigh led to fashion of pipe smoking (1560)
King James 1 (1604) condemns tobacco
1700s Russia = penalties for smoking
1800s tobacco here to stay - use as medicine
1828 - Nicotine isolated
1850s - cigarettes appear |
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Term
| Tobacco Use in 20th Century |
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Definition
Favored cigarettes over other usage
Public health issues of infectious disease
Cigarettes in WWI |
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Term
| Tobacco and Nicotine Use in US |
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Definition
1925 - 14 states banned smoking
1938 - study links smoking and cancer
1964 - 1st SG report advised smoking shortens life expectancy
2000 - worldwide increase continues |
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Term
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Definition
| Smokeable = cigarettes, pipe, cigar, hookah; Leaf = chewing and dip; Snuff = powdered; Transdermal Patch |
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Term
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Definition
Tobacco ground into fine powder, inhaled through nose
1700s snuff exceeded smoking as method of choice |
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Term
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Definition
In US snuff replaced by chew
Freed hands for work
Low cost
"Spitting" = major cause of TB spread, nasty habit |
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Term
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Definition
Tight rolls of tobacco leaves
Flue-curing = process of heating tobacco leaves; NC = #1 grower |
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Term
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Definition
Not popular in US unitl cigarette-making machine produced
Nicotine in 1 cig = 8-10mg
Smoking delivers 1-3mg of nicotine (depends on technique of user) |
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Term
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Definition
Stimulates NE release - sympathomimetic
Mimics ACh-Nicotinic Receptors
Dopamine? |
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Term
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Definition
Biphasic Actions: low = agonist, high = antagonist
Stimulant, but often used to relax
Works in CNS and PNS
One of most toxic, dependence-producing psycoactive compounds overall
LD50 = 60mg
Can't happen via inhalation, activates vomiting center and metabolizes through liver |
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Term
| Pharmacokinetics of Nicotine |
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Definition
Rapidly distributed through bloodstream and through BBB
Takes about 7s to reach brain when smoked
Half life = 2 hours
Metabolized in liver by cytochrome P450 enzymes |
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Term
| Peripheral Effects of Nicotine |
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Definition
Sympathetic: Increases HR, BP, RR
Parasympathetic: Increases smooth muscle activity, increases HCl production in stomach |
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Term
| Central Effects of Nicotine |
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Definition
| Arousal, Improves vigilance and rapid info processing, improves mental performance and memory, stimulates adrenalin release, may reverse some deficits by alcohol |
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Term
| Biotransformation/Excretion of Nicotine |
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Definition
Broken down by lung and liver
Lowers blood levels of many other drugs
Excreted through kidneys
Lungs do some excretion |
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Term
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Definition
Develops rapidly
Dispositional Tolerance - some smokers clear nicotine faster |
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Term
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Definition
One of most dependence-producing drugs
Pharmacology - stimulates reward center influences ANS
Function = Weight control, coping with negative affect/stress, cognitive enhancement
Social Factors - friends, habit,context |
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Term
| Withdrawal Symptoms of Nicotine |
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Definition
| Lethargy, decreased arosal, constipation, headaches, disrupted sleep cycles, irritability/anxiety, excessive hunger, depression |
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Term
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Definition
Amount varies from 12-16 mg
Last 1/3 of cig contains 50% of tar
Prevents cillia from working, decreases cillia escalator
Increases carinogens compounds to settle on tissues |
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Term
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Definition
Odorless,tasteless, but extremely toxic
Attaches to hemoglobin - leads to asphyxiation |
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Term
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Definition
| Lung and other Cancers, CHD, emphysema, passive smoking |
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Term
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Definition
6000 B.C = Use started
Earliest References are in China in 1000 B.C.
Europe doesn't have any record until 800 A.D.
Early America viewed alcohol as positive, after American Revolution saw alcohol as active agent of evil
19th century - saloons expanded westard opening of saloons led to temperance movement which died down during Civil War |
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Term
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Definition
| Banned sale of alcohol - took effect 1920 |
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Term
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Definition
| Repealed 18th Amendment in 1933 |
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Term
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Definition
90% ever drank
65% current drinker
10-20% alcohol abuse
5-15% dependence |
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Term
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Definition
Movement calling for reconsideration of US drinking age laws
Wanted to increase drinking age up from 21 |
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Term
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Definition
CNS depressant
Enhances GABA effect
High doses blocks effects of glutamate
Affects DA,5HT, ACh neurons |
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Term
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Definition
Some in stomach, but most in small intestine
Slower if food or water in stomach
Faster in prevalance of carbonated beverages |
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Term
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Definition
BAC: measured in g/100 ml
Distributed throughout body fluids
Less distributed in fatty tissues |
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Term
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Definition
.5 ounces of pure alcohol
12-oz. beer
4 oz. wine
1 oz. 100 proof spirits |
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Term
| Alcohol Gender Differences |
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Definition
Women more Susceptible to men because stomach enzyme that metabolizes is more active in men, women absorb greater proportion of what they drink
Women weigh less and have higher body fat |
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Term
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Definition
90% in liver
2% alcohol is excreted unchanged
"Asian flush"
Only time sobers you |
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Term
| Biphasic Effects of Alcohol |
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Definition
Ascending = activity, talkativeness, positive mood
Descending = sedation, sleepiness, perception one is "sober" |
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Term
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Definition
Acute: effects of BAC is greater when curve is rising rather than descending
Chronic: tends to drink greater amounts to get the intended effect
Cross Tolerance: leads to tolerance in other depressants like benzos, barbs, general anesthesia, GHB |
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Term
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Definition
Phase 1: few hours afer stopped drinking
Phase 2: 24 hours - severe seizures
Phase 3: 30 hours can last 3-4 days - DTs, high body temp., hallucinations, high HR |
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Term
| Physiological Effects of Alcohol |
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Definition
Peripheral Circulation - dilation of blood vessels
Fluid Balance: diuretic effect
Hormonal Effects
Disruption of sleep patters: suppresses REM
Impaired Memory
Hangover: mini-withdrawal |
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Term
| Effects of Chronic Drinking |
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Definition
| Brain tissue loss, fatty liver, hepatitis, cirrohsis, heart disease, hypertension, stroke, cancer, impaired immunity |
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Term
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Definition
Poppy native to many regions - dates back to Sumerians (6000 B.C.)
1680 - Primary consuption of opium as drink
1700s - opium smoking in China
1729 - China made opium laws against use
Females used more often than males
1875 - San Francisco outlawed |
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Term
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Definition
| Alkaloids found in opium poppy |
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Term
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Definition
| Compounds with opiate-like actions (synthetic endogenous opioids) |
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Term
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Definition
| Opium - paste derived directly from plant, smoked or consumed orally |
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Term
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Definition
1803 - Morphine separated from opium
1856 - dependence of needle
1874 - morphine altered into heroin |
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Term
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Definition
No ban on opiates, but had to register with IRS
Users seen as weak
Heroin became drug of choice in black market and among white ubran males |
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Term
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Definition
Fentanyl "China White" - surgical anesthetic, 10,000X stronger than heroin
Heroin = Schedule 1
Morphine = Schedule 2
Vast majority of therapeutic opiates are synthetic |
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Term
| Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, and Excretion of Opiates |
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Definition
Effective nasally and through lungs
Frequently smoked
Heroin snorted, most effective IV
Prescription opiates meant for oral route, but often snorted and injected
Heroin more lipid soluble, so penetrates BBB better - converted to morphine after crossing over BBB |
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Term
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Definition
Act via endogenous opiate system
1973 - discovery of opiate receptors in brain
Led to discovery of endorphins in 1975 |
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Term
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Definition
Analgesia
Sedation - poor in general
Anti-diarrheal agents |
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Term
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Definition
| Cardiovascular effects; pinpoint pupil; resetting of body temp., lowers by 1 degree; sex hormones inhibited; vomiting; bilary constriction; respiratory depression (decrease sens. to CO2, most common cause of death) |
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Term
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Definition
| Respiratory Failure - can be reversed by admin of NARCAN - causes immediate withdrawal |
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Term
| Opiate Tolerance and Dependence |
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Definition
| Develops fast with repeated use, cross-tolerance based on receptor affinity; neuroadaptation leads to dependence |
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Term
| Tolerance Complications of Opiates |
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Definition
| Difficult to get pain relief if injured, anethesia risk, learned tolerance leads to craving and withdrawal |
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Term
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Definition
| Runny nose/sneezing/tearing; goosebumps; nausea and diarrhea; spastic movements in arms and legs; spontaneous erection/orgasm; potentially fatal |
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Term
| Chronic Effects of Opiates |
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Definition
Reduced ability to get pain relief
Weakening of tooth enamel
Infection from poor drug admin. and personal neglect |
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Term
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Definition
Used as replacement for heroin and other opiates in in dependent individ. - longer half-life, less intense effects, only taken orally, cheap
However, can take months to clear all withdrawal symptoms
Reduces criminal behavior, lessens severity of withdrawal, problem of polydrug use |
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Term
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Definition
Partial Agonist
Managed by physician, taken sublingually
Bridges gap between methadone and nothing or used long term |
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