Broad Spectrum Antibiotics

Aminoglycosides;

Tetracylines;

Macrolides;

Lincosamide;

Fluoroquinolones;

Trimethoprim & Sulfamethoxzole

Antibiotics that are ONLY effective against

Gram Positive bacteria

Glycopeptides;

Macrolides;

Lincosamide

 Antibiotics that are ONLY effective against

Gram Negative bacteria

None that we covered in this sections

Antibiotics that are effective against BOTH

Gram Positive and Gram Negative bacteria

Aminoglycosides;

Tetracyclines;

Fluoroquinolones;

Trimethoprim & Sulfamethoxazole

Which penicillins are narrow spectrum?

 Penicillin G and V;

Nafcillin;

Which penicillins are Broad spectrum?

Amoxicillin;

piperacillin,

ticarcillin

Which penicillins have activity against G - bacteria?

Pen G & V;

Amoxicillin;

Piperacillin;

Ticarcillin

 Which penicillin is effective against G + bacteria?

Pen G & V;

Naficillin;

amoxicillin;

piperacillin; ticarcillin

Which antibiotic has activity against G + bacteria ONLY?

Naficillin

Which penicillins are effective against pseudomonas ( G - cocci bacteria)?

Pen G and V

these are also effective against anaerobes!!!

Which antibiotics are not effective against mycobacteria?

Penicillins and cephalosporins,

because they inhibit Cell Wall synthesis.

Which penicillins experience synergism?

Amoxicillin;

piperacillin and ticarcillin

(these are broad spectrum)

so... the other pen's are dont experience synergism and they are Pen G & V and naficillin.

Which pen is effective against wall - less bacteria?

None, there inhibit PTG synthesis and so they produce their activity on the CW. This is the same for cephaloporins. 

Which penicillin has acivity against Spirochets (which is a type of G - bacteria)?

Pen G and V

Which cephalosporins are broad spectrum?

Cefuroxime;

ceftriaxome;

cefazidime;

cefepime

Which cephalosporins are narrow spectrum?

Cefazolin

 Which cephalosporins are less effective agianst gram negative bacteria and effective against gram positive bacteria as well? 

1st generation: cefazolin

Which cephalosporins are effective against gram + and - bacteria?

2nd generation- cefuroxime;

3rd generation - ceftriaxome, ceftazidime;

4th generation - cefepime

 NOTE: activity against G - bacteria increases with each generations

Which cephalosporins have activity against Pseudomonas?

Ceftazidime;

cefepime

Which cephalosporins have less effect on Gram + than it has on Gram -?

(This is a trick question...sorry)

All 2nd generation cephalosporins

Cefuroxime

Do cephalosporins work against mycoPLASMA?

 No, they are cell wall inhibitors, and these bacteria lack a cell wall.

Which cephalosporins have activity against anaerobes?

Cefuroxime.. i need you opinion on this... see p 453 under 2nd gen.. clinical used column .. last paragraph.. this one isnt listed.. but the other 2 second generation drugs are..so i included it.. what do you think?

There are 3 steps to the translation of a gene:

initiation,

elongation and

termination.

Which one of these steps is the target for aminoglycosides?

Elongation

Aminoglycosides are Protein Synthesis Inhibitors (PSI)

True or False

Aminoglycosides are broad spectrum antibiotics

True

The aminoglycosides streptomycin, gentamycin, and tobramycin are considered

Moderately broad spectrum antibiotics.

Are aminoglycosides, streptomyocin, gentamicin and tobramycin effective against G - , G +, None, or both?

They are effective against both G + and G - bacteria

Are aminoglycosides effective against Pseudomonas?

Yes they are effective against pseudomonas

Tobramycin is more effective than gentamycin!!

Do aminoglycosides have an effect on anaerobic bacteria?

No, these organism do not need oxygen. So they are not killed by aminoglycosides because they dont have a transport system to take up the drug though its cell membrane

Do aminoglycosides have synergistic activity?

Yes

Do aminoglycosides have an effect on wall less bacteria?

No

True/ False

Aminoglycosides do not have an effect on intracellular bacteria

True, they have no effect

Aminoglycosides bind irreversibly/reversibly to which subunit on the ribosome 30S/50S?

They bind irreversibly (bacteriocidal)

to the 30S subunit

Are glycopeptides (vancomyocin) broad or narrow spectrum?

narrow

:)

Does vancomyocin, which is a glycopeptide have activity against G - or G + bacteria?

It has activity against G + bacteria ONLY because they cannot penetrate the outer membrane of the G - bacteria

Do glycopeptides have any activity against pseudomonas?

 No, pseudomonas are Gram Negative Cocci

Does glycopeptides have any activity against anaerobic bacteria?

No

Are glycopeptides ( vancomyocin ) synergistic?

 Yes

Do glycopeptides (vancomyocin) have any effect against wall less bacteria?

No

True/ False

Vancomyocin does not work in intracellular bacteria?

False

Glycopeptides, vancomyosin works on intracellular bacteria.

True / False

 Tetracyclines are Broad spectrum drugs.

True

They are effective against many bacteria

Are Tetracylclines (doxycycline) effective against G -, G +, Both or none.

Both

Do tetracyclines (doxycycline) have activity against Pseudomonas?

No

Does doxycycline experience synergism?

No

Is doxycycline effective against wall less bacteria?

Yes it is

Which antibiotics are effective against MycoBACTERIA (these have a waxy cell wall)?

Rifampin;

Ciprofloxacin and Levofloxacin (Floroquinolones);

Zithromax (macrolide)

Rifampin is the primary treatment for mycobacteria

Which antibiotics are ineffective against Mycobacteria?

All penicillins and cefalosporins

and also Sulfamethoxazole and Trimethoprim

Which antibiotics are effective against anaerobic bacteria?

Pen G or V;

Clindamycin (lincosamide)

Which antibiotics are not effective against anaerobic bacteria?

Doxycycline ( tetracycline);

Streptomycin, tobramycin, gentamicin (aminoglycosides); Vancomycin (Glycopeptide);

Azithromycin, clarithromycin, erythromycin (amcrolides); Ciprofloxacin, Levofloxacin (Floroquinolones); Sulfamethoxzole and Trimethoprim

Which antibiotics are effective against Spirochetes?

Pen G or V

Which antibiotics are not effective against Spirochetes?

Sulfamethozole and Trimethoprim

Which antibiotics have cross class effectiveness?

Sulfamethozole and Trimethoprim

Which antibiotics are effective against Pseudomonas?

Pen G or V; Ceftazidime, Cefepime (Cephalosporins); Streptomycin Gentamycin and Tobramycin (Aminoglycosides) Ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin (Floroquinolones 3rd gen.); Sulfamethoxazole and Trimethoprim

Which antibiotics are not effective against Pseudomonas?

Doxycycline ( Tetracyclines);

Vancolycim (Glycopeptides);

Azithromycin, erythromycin, clarithromycin (Macrolides); Clindamycin (Lincosamide)

Which antibiotics are effective against

Wall Less bacteria (mycoPLASMA)?

Doxycycline (Tetracycline)

Azithromycin, Erythromycin, Clarithromycin (Macrolides); Ciprofloxacin, Levfloxacin (Floroquinolones)

Which antibiotics have no effect against wall-less bacteria?

Penicillins & Cefalosporins (Beta lactams);

Streptomycin, Gentamycin, Tobramycin (Aminoglycosides); Vancomycin (Glycopeptide);

Clindamycin (Lincosamide)

Which antibiotics are effective against intracellular bacteria?

Doxycycline (tetracycline);

Vancomycin (Glycopeptide);

Azithromycin, Erythromycin, Clarithromycin (Macrolides); Ciprofloxacin, Levofloxacin (Floroquinolones)

Which antibiotics are not effective against intracelluar bacteria?

Streptomycin, Tobramycin, Gentamycin (Aminoglycosides); Sulfamethoxazole, Trimethoprim

Which antibiotics experience Synergism?

Amoxicillin, Piperacillin, Ticaracillin;

All Aminoglycosides (S, T, G);

Vancomycin (Glyco);

Cipro, Levo (Floro's);

Sulfamethoxazole, Trimethoprim;

Rifampin (Rifamycin)

Which antibiotics do not experience Synergism?

Doxycycline (Tetra);

Azithromycin, Erythromycin, Clarithromycin (Macrolides); Clindamycin (Lincosamide)

Which antibiotics are effective against Gram - Positive ONLY?

Naficillin (Penicillin)

Vancomycin (Glycopeptide);

Azithromycin, Erythromycin, Clarithromycin (Macrolides); Clindamycin (Lincosamide); 

 Which antibiotics are effective against

Gram + and - Bacteria?

Doxycycline (Tetra);

Pen G or V, Amox; Piperacillin, Ticaracillin (PENICILLINS);

Cefuroxime, Ceftriaxone, Ceftazidime, Cefepime (Cepha)

all Amino's (G, T, S);

Cipro, Levo (Floro's);

Sulfamethoxazole, Trimethoprim

Which antibiotics are BROAD spectrum?

Doxycycline (Tetra); all Aminos (S, T, G);

Vancomycin (Glyco); Amox, Piperacillin, Ticaracillin; Cefuroxime, Ceftazidime, Ceftriaxone, cefepime (Cephalo's);

Clindamycin (Lincosamide); all Macrolides (A, C, E);

Cipro and Levo (Floro's);

Sulfamethoxazole and Trimethoprim

Which antibiotics are NARROW spectrum?

Naficillin, Pen G or V,

Cefazolin, Cephalothin (1st gen Cephalosporins)

Which group on gycopeptides is attributes to its potency?

NH2 group or NH group

NH group

What does Vancomycin complex/bind with that inhibits it from a transpeptidation reaction?

D-alanyl-D-alanine, when it binds to this it prevents cross links from forming in the cell wall

The drug combination Vancomycin and 3rd generation Cephalosporins are effective in treating...

A. tuberculosis

B. meningitis

C. gonorrhea

D. pneumonia

Meningitis

The drug combination Vancomycin and Rifampin are effective in treating...

A. pneumonia

B. meningitis

C. Complicated MRSA

D. tuberculosis

Complicated MRSA

Glycopeptides have bactericidal activity against Gram Positive Bacteria. They include all of these EXCEPT..

A. MRSA

B. CoNS

C. Enterocococci

D. Enterobacteriaceae

Enterobacteriaceae is a Gram Negative bacteria.. and all the others are gram positive.

Which of these is a target for the 30S of a ribosome?

 A. Lincosamides

B. Macrolides

C. Tetracyclines

Tetracyclines target the 30 S

and

Macrolides and Lincosamides target the 50S

True / False

Aminoglycosides are five - membered aminocyclitol rings.

False

Aminoglycosides are Six - membered aminocyclitol rings.

D. 16S; 30S; bacteriocidal; irreversible

True/ False

Streptomycin is very toxic, but it is still useful in the treatment of tuberculosis.

True

Which of the following is true about Bacitracin

I. inhibits dephosphorylation of lipid carrier

II. Inhibits teichoic acid synthesis

III. releases autolysins

IV. is a topical antibiotic

I, II, IV

Which is true about cycloserine

I. Completely inhibits racemase & synthetase

II. It is pink 

III. it is unselective which creates toxicity

IV. it has limited use as 2ndary drug for TB

I, III, IV

True / False

Daptomycin binds to the INNER membrane and causes a leakage of ions.

True

True/ False 

Not all Beta Lactams are bacteriocidal

False

ALL beta lactams are bacteriocidal

Aminoglycosides have synergisic activity.

What is the criteria for a drug to be a good candidate for synergy?

BacterioSTATIC or BacterioCIDAL

BacterioCIDAL, this is because a bacteriostaic drug will cause the cells to stop growin, and this drug combo will only work on growing baceria

True/False

Selectivity is having toxicity against 18S areas in rRNA

False

Selective toxicity is due to structural differences in the 16S rRNA (which is bacterial ribosomes) and the 18S is the eukaryotic ribosomes

True/False

Rifamycins are semisynthetic drugs the binds to beta subunit RNA polymerase at the active site

False

Rifamycins are semisynthetic drugs the binds to beta subunit RNA polymerase at the allosteric site