Term
| Why is drug toxicity important? |
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Definition
| -know how much of a drug and what the side effects are if certain rxn's occur or overdose |
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Term
| How are toxic metabolites formed? |
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Definition
-Formed during biotransformation rnx
-epoxide hydroxylases
-monooxgenase
-enzyme involoving conjugation reactions |
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Term
| What happens to a damaged cell? |
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Definition
-carcinogensis due mutagenesis of DNA
-DNA repair
-detox/excretion
-regulatory responses |
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Term
| What are the regulatory responses of a cell? |
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Definition
-repair (genetic repair, pro prod., recep. prod.)
-Apoptosis (program. cell death)
-Necrosis (death of cell by chem phys or disease)
-Fibrosis (thick/scarrin of connec. tiss |
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Term
| What is idiosyncratic responses? |
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Definition
| -abnormal or rare activity to a drug/extreme sensitivity |
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Term
| What are the different types of hypersensitivity reactions? |
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Definition
-Type 1 (IgE)
-Type II (IgG)
-Type III (IgG)
-Type IV (sensitized T-lymphocytes + macrophages) |
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Term
| What is a Type I reaction? |
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Definition
-immediate reaction
-Ige binding to mast cells
-casuses analphylaxis, hives , bronchoconstirction, shock
-ex. Penicillin |
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Term
| What is a type II reaction? |
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Definition
-antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity
-IgG
-neutro., macroph., and NKC
-hemolysis (ex. cefotetan) |
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Term
| What is a type III reaction? |
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Definition
-immune-complex disease
-IgG
-neutro., macrop., NKC, ROS,
-causes cutaneous vasculitis
-mytomycin C |
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Term
| What is a type IV reaction? |
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Definition
-antigen assoc. w/ MHC protein on surface of antigen presen. cells
-cytotoxic T lymphocytes, macro. cytokines
-macular rashes and organ failue
-ex. Sulfamethazole |
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Term
| What are some conditions related to pulmonary toxicity? |
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Definition
-Bronchitis
-Emphysema
-Asthma
-Hypersensitivity pneumonitis
-Pneumoconiosis
-cancer |
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Term
| What are some drugs/chemicals that cause pulmonary damage? |
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Definition
-amiodarone, cyclophosphamide, methoterexate
-asbestos, chlorine gas, nitrogen dioxide, ozone, phosgene, silica, sulfur dioxide |
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Term
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Definition
-high blood flow
-exposure is two fold (blood on basolateral side, urine on the luminal side)
-Proximal tuble site of toxicity (high P450 +transp. of anions and cations, conc. these chemicals |
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Term
| What are examples of renal toxicants? |
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Definition
-keflex, cisplatin, cyclosporine A, gentamycin, NSAIDS, ACEI
-chloroform, hexchlorbutadien, mercuric chloride |
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Term
| What is melamine and cyanuric acid? What is its role in renal toxicity? |
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Definition
-individually, not nephrotoxic
-together, melamine cyanurate precipitate out causes kidney failure in pets/children. |
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Term
| Describe the CNS protrection, susceptibility, and repair from neurotoxicity. |
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Definition
-BBB protects CNS
-HIGH metabolic rate, blood flow, and lipid content make it susceptible
-neural tissue can not be easily repaired |
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Term
| What are examples of neurotoxicants? |
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Definition
-cocaine, ethambutol, quinine
-lead, mercury, methanol, organochlorine insecticides |
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Term
| What are examples of peripheral neurotoxicants? |
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Definition
-doxirubicin, isoniazid, nitrofurantoin
-acrylamide, carbon disulfide, leads, N-hexane |
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Term
| What are some examples of hepatoxicants? |
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Definition
-APAP, cholorpromazine, estrogens, EtOH, halothane, iosoniazid, nitrofurantoin, phenylbutazone, 6-mercaptopurine
-allyl formate, beryllium, CCl4, vinylidene chloride |
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Term
| What are some examples of hepatoxicants? |
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Definition
-APAP, cholorpromazine, estrogens, EtOH, halothane, iosoniazid, nitrofurantoin, phenylbutazone, 6-mercaptopurine
-allyl formate, beryllium, CCl4, vinylidene chloride |
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Term
| Describe the hepato protrection, susceptibility, and repair from neurotoxicity. |
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Definition
-first pass efffect/drug metabolizing enzymes (susceptibility)
-drug metabolizing enzymes (protection)
-regeneration, possible scaring (repair) |
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Term
| Describe the metabolism of APAP and the mechanism of toxicity/ |
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Definition
-Normally Phase II metabolism
-CYP450 enzymes can lead to a toxic intermediate
-can lead to non-toxic form when combined with glutathione or combine with macro molecules--->cell death. |
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Term
| What are some chemicals involved with immunotoxicity? |
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Definition
-azathioprine, corticosteroids, cyclophosphamide, cyclosporine A, methorexate
-arsenic, benzene, TCDD, lead, organophosphates, ozone, PCBs |
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Term
| What is mutagenesis, teratogenesis, and carcinogenesis? |
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Definition
-Change in genetic material
-Production of developmental abnormalities
-Cancer - |
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Term
What is the antidote for APAP?
What is the antidote for atropine?
What is the antidote for benzocaine? |
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Definition
-N-acetylcysteine (mucomyst)
-physostigmine
-methylene blue |
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Term
What is the antidote for digoxin?
What is the antidote for morphine?
What is the antidote for (PAH's)? |
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Definition
-digoxin fab
-naloxone
-none (you are fucked) |
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Term
| what are some common herb-drug interactions? |
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Definition
-ginkgo biloba + NSAIDs (platelet aggre.)
-Echinacea + APAP (deplete glutathione)
-SSRIs + St. John's wort (serotonergic syndrome) |
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