Term
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Definition
-original works that introduce new knowledge or enhance existing knowledge
-ex. article reporting results of a study (peer or non peer reviewed)
-ex.abstracts (after presentation at a national meeting) |
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Term
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Definition
-group of papers on a specific topic published in a journal supplement
-many supplements are sponsored by industry and may present a more favorable perspective of a drug
-supplements are NOT peer reviewed |
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Term
| letters/editorials/commentaries |
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Definition
-designed to stimulate interest and discussion
-less stringent review process or may not be peer reviewed |
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Term
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Definition
-poor source of primary? literature
-may review new drug, provide current guidelines for management of a disease of warning of new complications
-ex. Medical Letter, FDC Reports, "the Pinnk sheet", Pharmacists' Letter |
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Term
| categories of primary literature |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-recount individual experiences for sharing ideas, describing programs, reporting new treatments and relating observations
-do NOT explore cause and effect relationships
-may only SUGGEST but not prove a relationship |
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Term
| evaluative (exploratory) studies |
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Definition
-observational
-experimental |
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Term
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Definition
-records the results from an observation for some event
-ex.to determine if disease X is associated with drug therapy Y, we would just observe what would happen to patients receiving drug Y therapy over time
-no intervention on part of investigator |
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Term
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Definition
-designed to answer a question in a prospective manner
-ex. is drug X as effective as drug Y for the treatment of a disease?
-the investigator intervenes to determine which patients will receive X or Y and measures results over time |
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Term
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Definition
-reflects the number of times a journal is cited in publications
-provides an index on how "authoritative" the journal is (power vs. throw away)
-no impact factor for pharmacy journals because not as well known as medical journals |
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Term
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Definition
| publish with one journal only |
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Term
| most recent impact ratings |
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Definition
-NEJM
-Lancet
-Annals of Internal Medicine
-JAMA
-BMJ
-Archives of Internal Medicine
-American Journal of Medicine |
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Term
| objectives of peer review |
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Definition
-screens out poorly conceived, designed, or executed reports of investigations
-leads to helpful revisions and improvements in quality
-provides constructive criticism
-puts a stamp on quality in individual papers as an aid to non experts
-improves professional acceptance of journals
-NOT all material published in a peer reviewed publication may be reviewed
-ex. editorials, letters to editor |
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Term
| what peer review will not do |
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Definition
-detect multiple publication of same article or research
-detect scientific fraud |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-bias may influence review process if either reviewer or author are identified
-some evidence indicates that non blinded (open) peer review increases the quality of review |
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Term
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Definition
| -should be disclosed to the reviewer but not always |
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Term
| recommendations reviewers may make |
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Definition
-accept manuscript as submitted (rare)
-accept pending revisions
-reject
-final decision for publication still rests with editor of journal |
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Term
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Definition
-timing-how often published
-format-number of advertisements, letters to the editor
-subject matter-what is the intended audience?, original research or reviews |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| -integration of locating, analyzing, applying, and communicating information concerning medications |
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Term
| information needs are dependent on |
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Definition
| -requestor (patients, physicians, nurses, pharmacists) |
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Term
| major types of information requests |
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Definition
-adverse event reactions
-cost
-dosage and administration
-drug availability
-drug interactions
-etc |
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Term
| systematic approach to answering DI questions |
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Definition
-obtain demographics of requestor
-obtain background info (3,2,1)
-determine/categorize actual request
-determine search strategy and conduct search
-perform evaluation, analysis, synthesis
-formulate and communicate response
-follow up and documentation |
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Term
| obtain demographics of requestor |
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Definition
-who is asking
-when do they need to know the answer
-how may they be contacted |
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Term
| obtain background information |
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Definition
-patient vs. non-patient specific reques
-name
-age
-gender
-height/weight
-allergies*
-pertinent medical/medication history
-pertinent lab values |
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Term
| determine and categorize actual request |
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Definition
-what is the real question
-what are they asking it |
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Term
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Definition
-adverse drug reactions
-drug ID/availability
-compatibility/stability
-dose/dosing schedule
-drug interactions
-pharmacokinetics/pharmacology
-drugs of choice/evaluation of drug efficacy |
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Term
| determine strategy and conduct search |
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Definition
-need a basic working knowledge of available sources in order to make the retrieval process easier
-organized method of reviewing sources based on literature hierarchy
-always look in at least 2 references when answering a question (*drug interaction, ID of pill, ped dosing) |
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Term
| perform evaluation, analysis, and synthesis |
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Definition
| -evaluation of the information during search |
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Term
| formulate and communicate response |
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Definition
-evaluate information from sources
-list pertinent statements with referenced sources
-include detailed or peripheral information to explain response (doses of other drugs, possible interactions) |
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Term
| formulate and communicate response (more) |
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Definition
-prepare verbal/written reply
-do NOT state that there is no information available because you might have missed something
-tell requestor that based on the information available to you, there does not appear to be any documented information on that topic
-deliver with confidence/pronunciation
-present competing viewpoints or considerations
-fact first then judgement
-anticipate follow up quesitons |
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Term
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Definition
-request background information (restate question)
-response (intro, bg, findings)
-conclusions/recommmendations (based on readings alone, provide a specific recommendation)
-references (all facts should be referenced) |
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Term
| guidelines from communicating a response verbally |
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Definition
-do not guess at the answer
-avoid "there are no reports in the literature"
-avoid saying "i think, i dont think"
-follow a logical sequence
-do not be afraid to say that you od not know the answer
-be prepared to offer to research the answer |
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Term
| follow up and documentation |
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Definition
-verify the appropriateness, correctness, and completeness of a response
-serves to provide quality assurance
-helps validate information for similar questions in the future
-persist until both you and the requestor are satisfied with the answer |
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