Term
| What type of reactions are catalyzed by proteins and enzymes? |
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Definition
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Term
| What type of reactions involve capturing energy and storing it in molecules such as nucleotides? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the first rule of thermodynamics? |
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Definition
| Energy is not created or destroyed, it is only converted from one form to another. |
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Term
| What is the second rule of thermodynamics? |
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Definition
| When left alone, systems will go from higher energy, ordered states to lower energy, more disordered states. |
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Term
| When left alone, systems will go from higher energy, ordered states to lower energy, more disordered states. What is this called? |
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Definition
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Term
| Is photosynthesis resisting or following entropy? Why or why not? |
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Definition
| Resisting, the organism is capturing light photons and building them into higher levels of organisation. |
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Term
| Is decomposition resisting or following entropy? Why or why not? |
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Definition
| Following, the energy stored in the decomposing body is being digested/rotted away to a lower level of entropy. |
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Term
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Definition
| Enzymes are catalytic proteins that change reactions rates without being consumed in the process. |
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Term
| How do enzymes activate their specific target? |
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Definition
| Their shapes vary and specific enzymes act to catalyze specific reactions. This is a "lock and key" model. |
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Term
| What is something that assists enzymes in catalyzing reactions? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are some examples of cofactors? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the main job of an enzyme? |
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Definition
| To release the products by simply breaking bonds of a substrate, and/or by the addition of molecules of water (hydrolysis). |
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Term
| What happens with competitive inhibitors? |
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Definition
| They occupy the same space as a substrate without activating the enzyme. |
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Term
| What happens with non-competitive inhibitors? |
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Definition
| They occupy an allosteric site and change the shape of the activation site disallowing the use of the activation site. |
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Term
| What is an example of some competitive/non-competitive inhibitors? |
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Definition
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Term
| When NAD+ gains an electron what does it change into? |
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Definition
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Term
| How does ATP transfer its energy? |
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Definition
| It transfers the energy in it by breaking its phosphate bonds and transferring the energy to enzyme catalyzed reactions. |
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Term
| What does ATP turn into after it has transferred its energy? |
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Definition
| ADP and a Pi (inorganic phosphate ion) |
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Term
| What does ADP turn into when it transferrers its energy? |
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Definition
| An AMP and a Pi (inorganic phosphate ion) |
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Term
| What is used to catalyze ATP synthesis? |
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Definition
| ATP synthase located in mitochondria is used to stimulate theproduction using the oxidation of organic fuels |
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Term
| What is substrate phosphorlyzation of nucleotides? |
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Definition
| The transferring of energy from fuel to nucleotide. |
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Term
| What is endosymbiosis of mitochondria and eukaryote cells? |
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Definition
| Endosymbiosis of mitochondria and eukaryote cells is a partnership that strips the most energy from fuel and passes it to form ATP in the reactions that are called Cellular Respiration. |
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Term
| How many ATP are acquired from one Glucose? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where does glycolysis happen? |
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Definition
| In the cytoplasm of a cell. |
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Term
| What is the carbon budget of glycolysis? |
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Definition
| Glycolysis starts with a 6-carbon sugar and finishes with two - three carbon pyruvates |
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Term
| What is the overall net of glycolsys? |
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Definition
| Glycolysis nets 2-ATP molecules and 2-NADH molecues (NADH molecules go to the mitochondria unless no oxygen is available, in which case it is used in fermentation so that NAD+ can cycle back to the glycolytic pathway). |
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Term
| What happens in fermentation? |
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Definition
| NADH is oxidized to allow fermentation to proceed so that NAD+ can be cycled back to continue Glycolysis' production of (net) 2 ATP's |
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Term
| Where does pyruvate oxidation occur? |
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Definition
| Pyruvate decarboxylation takes place exclusively inside mitochondrial intermembrane matrix. |
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Term
| What is the goal of pyruvate oxidation? |
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Definition
| Pyruvate oxidation (decarboxylation) uses pyruvate to form acetyl-CoA. |
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Term
| What is the Carbon budget of pyruvate oxidation? |
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Definition
| Starts off with 6-carbons (two pyruvates from glycolysis), and it releases two molecules of Carbon dioxides, left with two 2-carbon acetyl-CoA molecules. |
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Term
| What is the overall net of pyruvate oxidation? |
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Definition
| Two molecules of NADH are reduced to two 2-carbon acetyl-CoA molecules. |
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Term
| Where does the Krebs cycle happen? |
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Definition
| Krebs cycle happens in the mitochondrial inner matrix. |
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Term
| What is the carbon budget of the Krebs cycel? |
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Definition
| Starts with 4-carbons (two acetyl-CoA 's). |
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Term
| What is the net of the Krebs cycle? |
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Definition
| Four molecules of CO2, two molecules of ATP, six molecules of NADH, and two molecules of FADH2 |
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Term
| What is the point of NADH? |
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Definition
| NADH transfers the chemical bond energy (electrons) to the electron transport chain where that energy will be used to reduce 32-34 ATP's |
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Term
| Where is the Electron Transport Chain located? |
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Definition
| In the intermembrane space, cristae, and matrix of mitochondria. |
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Term
| What is the carbon budget of the ETC? |
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Definition
| Zero carbons after the Krebs cycle. |
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Term
| What is the order of the oxidation of glucose? |
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Definition
| Glycolysis > Pyruvate Oxidation > Fermentation (If nessecary) > Krebs cycle > Electron Transport Chain |
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Term
| What is the energy budget of the ETC? |
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Definition
| 10 NADH and 2 FADH2 molecules. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| In the aqueous environment of the mitochondria, after being pumped into the intermembrane space, H+ can diffuse back through the cristae into the matrix |
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Term
| What happens if oxygen is not available during the ETC? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Fatty acids are oxidized two carbons at a time in enzyme catalyzed reactions. |
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Term
| What is the Carbon budget of Beta oxidation? |
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Definition
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Term
| How much ATP will an FADH2 molecule produce? |
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Definition
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Term
| How much ATP will an NADH molecule produce? |
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Definition
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Term
| How much ATP does one acetyl CoA produce? |
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Definition
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Term
| How many ATP does Glycolsis produce? |
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Definition
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Term
| How many ATP does Krebs cycle produce? |
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Definition
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Term
| How many ATP does the ETC produce? |
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Definition
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