Term
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Definition
| PSYCHOLOGY: scientific study of behavior and mental processes. |
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Term
Describe 4 basic goals of psychology and give example of each: |
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Definition
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1) Describe: Tells 'what' occurred:
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2) Explain: Tells 'why' a behavior or process occurred.
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3) Predict:Identifying the conditions for when a behavior or mental process is likely to occur.
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4) Change: Applying knowledge to prevent unwanted behaviors or to bring about desired goals.
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Term
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The 6 steps to the Scientific Method?
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Definition
1) Literature review
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2) Testable hypothesis
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3) Research design
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4) Statistical analysis
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5) Peer-reviewed Scientific Journal
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6) Theory
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Term
Define, give example and identify example of:
HYPOTHESIS: |
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Definition
Specific, testable prediction about how one factor or variable is related to another:Example: “ I believe that there exists a high degree of correlation between alcoholics and people with negative self image issues.” |
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Term
Describe the major emphases for the schools/perspectives of psychology known as:
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Psychoanalysis:
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Behavioral:
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Humanistic:
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Cognitive:
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Neuroscience-biopsychology:
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Definition
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Psychoanalysis: unconscious conflicts
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Behavioral: Objective, observable environmental influences on overt behavior.
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Humanistic: emphasizes 'free-will', self-actualization and human nature is naturally positive and growth seeking.
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Cognitive: Focuses on thoughts, perceptions and information processing.
Neuroscience-biopsychology:
Genetics & other biological processes in the brain and other parts of the nervous system.
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Term
Define:
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Informed consent :
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Debriefing:
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Definition
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Informed consent :Participants agreement to take part in a study after being told what to expect.
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Debriefing: Informing participants AFTER the research about the purpose of the study, the nature of anticipated results and any deceptions used.
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Term
*For experimental, descriptive and correlational research, DESCRIBE the information including:
Purpose Advantages Disadvantages
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Experimental: Identify Cause &Effect (meets psychology goal of 'EXPLAIN”)
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Allows precise control over variables AND to identify Cause and Effect
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Ethical concerns;artificiality of lab conditions;researcher & participant bias
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Descriptive:Observe,collect & record data (meets psychology goal of “DESCRIPTION”)
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Easier to collect data; allows description of behavior & mental processes as they occur.
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Little or no control over variables; cannot explain Cause & effect
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Correlation:Identify relationships and assess how well 1 variable predicts another (meets psychology goal of “PREDICTION”)
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Helps clarify relationsips between variables that cannot be examined by other methods and allows PREDICTION.
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Researchers cannot indentify Cause & Effect.
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Definition
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Experimental: Identify Cause &Effect (meets psychology goal of 'EXPLAIN”)
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Allows precise control over variables AND to identify Cause and Effect
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Ethical concerns;artificiality of lab conditions;researcher & participant bias
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Descriptive:Observe,collect & record data (meets psychology goal of “DESCRIPTION”)
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Easier to collect data; allows description of behavior & mental processes as they occur.
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Little or no control over variables; cannot explain Cause & effect
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Correlation:Identify relationships and assess how well 1 variable predicts another (meets psychology goal of “PREDICTION”)
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Helps clarify relationsips between variables that cannot be examined by other methods and allows PREDICTION.
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Researchers cannot indentify Cause & Effect.
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Term
*Experimental research has the unique advantage in that it is the only type of research to identify......( c and e). |
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Definition
| Experimental research has the unique advantage in that it is the only type of research to identify cause and effect. |
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Term
*Define and give an example of:
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experiment:
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independent variable:
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dependent variable:
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control group:
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experimental group:
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Definition
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experiment: carefully controlled scientific procedure that involves manipulation of variables to determine 'cause & effect.'
independent variable: the variable that is manipulated by the experimenter.
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dependent variable: the observed variable that is measured by the experimenter.
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control group: treated identically to the experimental but does not have the independent variable introduced.
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experimental group: the group that has the independent variable
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Term
Define:
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Experimenter bias:
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Participant bias:
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Definition
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Experimenter bias: Occurs when a researcher influences research results in the expected direction.
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Participant bias: Occurs when experimental conditions influence the participants behavior or mental processes
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Term
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Definition
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Placebo: Inactive substance or fake treatment used as a control technique, usually in drug research, or given by a medical practitioner to a patient.
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Double blind: Procedure in which both researcher and participants are unaware of who is the experimental or control group.
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Term
Define:
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Sample:
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Population:
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Sample bias:
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Give and example of sample bias:
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Definition
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Sample: A group of research participants selected to represent a larger group.
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Population: the representative group within a research experiment
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Sample bias: systematic differences among the groups being studied; occurs when research participants are NOT representative of the larger population.
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Give and example of sample bias:pharmaceutical companies researching only men for testing new high blood pressure meds.
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Term
Define:
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Random/representative sampling:
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Random assignment:
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Definition
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Random/representative sampling: selecting participants who constitute a representative sample of the entire population of interest.
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Random assignment: Using chance methods to assign participants to experimental or control conditions, thus minimizing the possibility of biases or preexisting difference in the groups.
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Term
IF GIVEN EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH, BE ABLE TO IDENTIFY 'INDEPENDENT AND DEPENDENT VARIABLES. HINT: INDEPENDENT VARIABLES ARE USUALLY .......
AND THE
DEPENDENT VARIABLE IS USUALLY A .... |
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Definition
IF GIVEN EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH, BE ABLE TO IDENTIFY 'INDEPENDENT AND DEPENDENT VARIABLES. HINT: INDEPENDENT VARIABLES ARE USUALLY 1) BIOLOGICAL (i.e. DRUGS) OR
2) ENVIRONMENTAL (I.E.AGGRESSIVE MODEL, ROOM TEMPERATURE, AMOUNT OF PRACTICE) VARIABLE THAT IS MANIPULATED IN ORDER TO TRY AND CHANGE THE PARTICIPANTS BEHAVIOR....AND THE DEPENDENT VARIABLE IS USUALLY A
1) BEHAVIORAL VARIABLE (i.e. AGGRESSION, NUMBER OF WORDS REMEMBERED) THAT IS MEASURED TO SEE IF THE INDEPENDENT VARIABLE HAD AN EFFECT ON THE PARTICIPANT. |
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Term
Define the following types of descriptive research (and examples, please):
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Naturalistic observation:
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Survey:
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Case study:
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Definition
Descriptive research (and examples, please):
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Naturalistic observation: Observing and recording behavior and mental processes in the participant's natural state or habitat.
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Survey:Research technique that questions a large sample of people to assess their behaviors and attitudes.
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Case study: In depth study of a single research participant
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Term
Define:
correlation research:
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Define and give and example of:
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Positive correlation:
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Negative Correlation:
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Definition
correlation research: A study that involves 2 or more variables to fins a relationship between them. “Correlational” implies: “co-related”.
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Positive correlation: 2 Variables moving in the same direction-increase or decrease together.
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Negative Correlation:2 variables moving away from each other-as one increases the other decreases.
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Term
Does correlation imply causation?
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Does correlation allow prediction?
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Tell whether the following variables would have a positive or negative correlation:
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a) packs of cigarettes smoked per day and life expectancy:
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b) number of classes cut and GPA:
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c) age (after 50 yrs of age) and reaction time:
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d) packs of cigarettes and visits to doctor:
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e) weight and health problems:
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Definition
Does correlation imply causation? Correlation DOES NOT imply causation.
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Does correlation allow prediction? Yes...in some instances-depends on what one is testing for.
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15)Tell whether the following variables would have a positive or negative correlation:
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a) packs of cigarettes smoked per day and life expectancy: NEGATIVE
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b) number of classes cut and GPA: NEGATIVE
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c) age (after 50 yrs of age) and reaction time: POSITIVE
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d) packs of cigarettes and visits to doctor: POSITIVE
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e) weight and health problems: POSITIVE
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Term
In determining if an example of research is either:
Experimental, Descriptive or correlational...
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Definition
HELPFUL HINT: In Descriptive and/or Correlational, the researcher SIMPLY OBSERVES what the subjects are already doing without trying to manipulate or control their behavior.
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In experimental research, the researcher MANIPULATES or CONTROLS the subjects environment or biology to determine if it affects the subjects behavior.
REMEMBER: A Study Can Never be BOTH Experimental and correlation; IT MUST BE EXPERIMENTAL or CORRELATIONAL
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