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Dr. Kingsley's PE 220
Exam #3
136
Physiology
Undergraduate 1
10/11/2012

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Term
Composition of blood (Hematocrit)
Definition
55% Plasma
45% Erythrocytes
Less than 1% Buffy coat(Leukocytes and platelets)
Term
Composition of plasma
Definition
90% Water
6-8% Proteins
Electrolytes
-relatively high concentrations of Na+ and Cl-
-relatively low concentrations of H+, HCO-3, K+, and Ca2+
Term
Muscle
Definition
Made up of group of fascicles.
Muscle fibers extend length of muscle from tendon to tendon.
Term
Sarcolemma
Definition
Plasma membrane of a muscle cell
Term
Sarcoplasm
Definition
The cytoplasm of a striated muscle fiber.
Term
Components of a muscle fiber
Definition
Muscle fibers surrounded by connective tissue.
Sarcolemma, multinucleated, sarcoplasm.
Contains many myofibrils.
Sarcoplasmic reticulum(smooth ER)
Contains many mitochondria(high energy due to ATP)
Transverse tubules(T tubules)
Term
Myofibrils
Definition
Give skeletal and cardiac muscle striated appearance.
Orderly arrangement of thick and thin filaments(Actin and Myosin)
Term
Structure of a Sarcomere
Definition
A band
H zone
M line
I band
Z line
Term
A band
Definition
Dark band
Thick filaments
Term
H zone
Definition
Thick filament
No overlap
Term
M line
Definition
Link thick filaments
Term
I band
Definition
Light band
Thin filament
No overlapping
Term
Z line
Definition
Link thin filaments
Term
Actin
Definition
Contractile protein
Each G actin has a binding site for myosin
Term
Tropomyosin
Definition
Regulatory protein
Overlaps binding sites on actin for myosin
Term
Troponin
Definition
Regulatory protein
Complex of three proteins
-Attaches to actin
-Attaches to tropomyosin
-Binds calcium reversibly
Calcium binding to troponin regulates skeletal muscle contraction
Term
Thick myofilament
Definition
Myosin tail is toward M line
Myosin head is toward I band
Myosin head binding sites
-Actin binding site
-Nucleotide binding site for ATP and ATPase
Term
Sliding-Filament Mechanism
Definition
Muscle contraction
-shortening of muscles
Thick and thin filaments overlap
Neither thick nor thin filaments shorten
Filaments slide past each other
Sliding is due to cyclical formation and breaking of cross bridges=crossbridge cycle
Term
Within a sarcomere during contraction
Definition
A band stays same length
I band shortens
H zone shortens
Sarcomere shortens
Term
Which of the following is a property of isometric skeletal muscle contraction?
Definition
load is greater than force

generated by muscle
Term
A skeletal muscle is composed of a number of ________, each composed of many muscle fibers bundled by connective tissue.
Definition
fascicles
Term
Thick filaments have many protrusions along their middle (head of the myosin filaments) but none at their ends.
Definition
False
Term
The region of the striated muscle's banding patterns that contains ONLY the connections linking of thick filaments is the ________.
Definition
M line
Term
What disease is caused when the actin molecule is no longer anchored to the sacrolemma? In essence, when this anchor is missing, muscle cells will die due to diagnosis of __________.
Definition
Muscular Dystrophy
Term
The myosin head is converted into the high

-energy state by ________.
Definition
the hydrolysis of ATP
Term
In order for crossbridge cycling to occur, the actin

-myosin complex must be broken by the ________.
Definition
binding of ATP to myosin
Term
The longest phase of a twitch is the ________ phase
Definition
relaxation
Term
The repeated, oscillating interaction between actin and myosin that results in the generation of force by a skeletal muscle cell is called ________.
Definition
crossbridge cycling
Term
What is the protein component of the thin filament that binds to calcium thereby initiating skeletal muscle contraction?
Definition
troponin
Term
During the cross

bridge cycle, ATP binding to myosin causes ________.
Definition
the myosin head to detach from actin
Term
The binding of calcium complex located on the actin molecule will directly result in ________.
Definition
the movement of tropomyosin, thereby exposing the myosin

binding site on the actin molecule
Term
The sequence of events that links the action potential to changes in skeletal muscle force development is called ________.
Definition
excitation

-contraction coupling
Term
The shortening of a skeletal muscle fiber during contraction involves ________.
Definition
the sacromeres shortening
Term
The release of an inorganic phosphate from the myosin molecule directly results in the ________.
Definition
power stroke
Term
Isometric
Definition
Muscle stays the same length, the load is not lifted. Like pushing against a brick wall.
Term
ATP is only used in what phase?
Definition
Relaxation
Term
Calcium complex in Skeletal muscles
Definition
Traponin
Term
Calcium binding messenger in Smooth muscles?
Definition
Calmodulin
Term
What is the shortest and longest of the phases of a muscle twitch?
Definition
Shortest is Latent
Longest is Relaxation
Term
Type 1(Slow oxidative) is given to you by mom and dad, or is made with practice and training?
Definition
Mom and dad
Term
What are the 3 types of skeletal muscle fibers and examples of athletes with each fiber type?
Definition
Type 1= Slow oxidative, Marathon runner
Type 2= Fast oxidative, Mid-distance runner
Type 2x(or 2b)= Fast glycolytic, Power lifters and sprinters
Term
Oxidative
Definition
Uses ATP, self sustaining. When it uses up the ATP at hand, it will make more ATP.
Term
Oxidative
Definition
Uses ATP, self sustaining. When it uses up the ATP at hand, it will make more ATP.
Term
Glycolytic
Definition
Uses glucose. Limited supply so fatigue will eventually set in.
Term
Fast fibers
Definition
Myosin with fast ATPase activity=>relax and contract faster
Term
Slow fibers
Definition
Myosin with slow ATPase activity=>Slower relaxation and contraction
Term
How much faster is a fast fiber versus a slow fiber?
Definition
2-3 times faster
Term
Slow fiber contractions last approximately how much longer than fast fibers?
Definition
10 times longer
Term
What is the primary energy through oxidative phosphorylation?
Definition
Electron transport chain, it makes 32 ATP in the Oxidative fibers.
Term
Oxidative fibers
Definition
Many mitochondria, Needs lots of myoglobin(red) to move lots of oxygen, small diameter, resistance to fatigue because they make more ATP.
Term
Glycolytic fibers
Definition
Fewer mitochondria, many glycolytic enzymes, high glycogen stores(stores in muscles), uses little oxygen(anaerobic), large diameter, quick to fatigue, no myoglobin(white)
Term
The primary energy through anaerobic glycolysis makes how many ATP?
Definition
2
Term
Does each person have all the different muscle fibers or just one type?
Definition
Each person has each type, just they favor a specific type.
Term
Properties of Slow Oxidative Fibers (Type 1)
Definition
Low myosin ATPase, High oxidative capacity-aerobic, Mitochondria, rich blood supply, myoglobin(red), small diameter-little tension and small diffusion barrier, fatigue slowly===>MARATHON RUNNER
Term
Properties of Fast Glycolytic Fibers (Type 2x)
Definition
High myosin ATPase activity, high glycolytic capacity-high glycogen stores, many glycolytic enzymes, NO myoglobin(white), large diameter-greater tension, fatigue rapidly=====>Power lifters and Sprinters
Term
Properties of Fast Oxidative Fibers (Type 2)
Definition
High myosin ATPase activity, high oxidative capacity-aerobic, SOME myoglobin(pink), slow to fatigue but more rapid than slow oxidative, intermediate diameter====>Not fast, not slow, probably a mid distance runner
Term
Smooth muscle
Definition
Excitation-contraction coupling, slow-wave and pacemaker potentials, neural and hormonal control, uses cross bridge cycle, found in internal organs and blood vessels, under involuntary control by autonomic nervous system
Term
Property of smooth muscles
Definition
spindle shaped(like a football), small, approxamately 1/10 the size of skeletal muscle, no striations, contains actin and myosin==>NO SARCOMERES, higher actin-myosin ratio, actin and myosin much longer, myosin heads over entire length, arranged diagonally, NO Zlines
Term
Properties of Smooth Muscles cont.
Definition
No nucleus, a lot of tropomyosin, NO troponin, Dense bodies analogous to Z lines, slow myosin ATPase, mysoin has light chains, little sarcoplasmic reticulum==>small calcium holding tank
Term
Sliding filament mechanisms of contraction for Smooth muscles
Definition
Actin and myosin are longer in smooth muscles than in skeletal muscles, myosin heads whole length, longer range of contraction.
Term
The 6 steps of Excitation-Contraction Coupling for Smooth muscles
Definition
1. Opening of calcium channels in plasma membrane==>Voltage,receptor, mechanically-gated
2. Calcium triggers release of calcium from sarcoplasmic reticulum (calcium mediated, calcium released from SR)
3. Calcium binds to calmodulin
4. Ca-Calmodulin activates MLCK(myosin light chain kinase)
5. MLCK phosphorylates myosin
6. Crossbridge cycling
Term
Relaxation of smooth muscles
Definition
Phosphatase removes phosphate from myosin, calcium removed from cytoplasm==>Ca-ATPase, Ca-Na counter transport
Term
Regulation of Myosin light chain
Definition
Unphosphorylated myosin light chain==>NO ATPase activity, NO Contraction
Phosphorylated myosin light chain==>ATPase activity, contraction
Term
Non-neural regulation of contraction
Definition
Intracellular(Ca) determines tension
Intracellular(Ca) influenced by==>Neural control-autonomic nervous system, hormonal control, paracrines(local controls)
Term
What is the mechanical portion of the sliding filament theory?
Definition
Crossbridge cycle
Term
Myosin head undergoes conformation changes swiveling back-and-forth is?
Definition
Crossbridge cycle
Term
Crossbridge cycle
Definition
-high energy form==>ADP and Pi bound to myosin, high affinity for actin
-Low energy form==>ATP bound to myosin, low affinity for actin
-relies on ATP hydrolysis

Similar to rowing a boat through the water, oar=cross bridge, link of thick filament to thin filament(oar contact with water)
-Power Stroke-Myosin head moves propelling thin filaments toward center of muscle(movement of oar propelling boat in water)
-Thick and thin filaments detach(oar breaks contact with water
-myosin head returns to initial position-->position at rest(oar moved to ner position, cycle starts again)-
Term
In the crossbridge cycle, what is ATP responsible for?
Definition
Relaxation
Term
Power Stroke=
Definition
Contraction(ADP and Pi)
Term
What is the electrical component of the crossbridge cycle?
Definition
Excitation-contraction coupling
Term
Excitation-contraction coupling
Definition
Sequence of events whereby an action potential in the sarcolemma causes contraction.
Depends on neural input from motor neurons(efferent), requires calcium release from the SR
Term
Role of Calcium in contraction
Definition
No Calcium=No contraction, calcium carries the electrical signal, Our bodies can nerver have too little calcium, we just have to get calcium from our bones.
Term
NO Calcium in muscle contraction
Definition
Troponin holds tropomyosin over myosin binding sites on actin, no crossbridge forms between actin and myosin, Muscle is relaxed
Term
Calcium present in muscle contraction
Definition
Binds to troponin, causing movement of troponin, causing movement of tropomyosin, exposing binding sites for myosin on actin. Crossbridge forms between actin and myosin, cycle occurs, muscle contracts
Term
The 6 steps of Excitation-Contraction Coupling for Skeletal muscles
Definition
1. Action potential in sarcolemma
2. Action potential down T tubules
3. DHP(dihydropyramin) receptors of T tubules open Ca2+ channels(ryanodine receptors) in lateral sacs of SR

Side note: if we activate DHP we activate ryanodine which releases calcium
4. Calcium inreases in cytosol
5. Calcium binds to troponin shifting tropomyosin
6. Crossbridge cycling occurs
Term
Every contraction is followed by a relaxation. What is it called if your muscles are at a constant contraction state?
Definition
Tetanus
Term
Gating of Sarcoplasmic Reticulum Calcium Channels
Definition
Voltage-gated opening==>coupled to T tubules by ryanodine and DHP receptors
Calcium-induced opening
Calcium-induced closing
Term
Termination of contraction
Definition
Calcium must leave troponin, allowing tropomyosin to cover myosin binding sites
To remove calcium from cytosol
-Ca2+ ATPase in sarcoplasmic reticulum
-Transports calcium from cytosol into sarcoplasmic reticulum
Term
With training, it is possible to convert a Type II fiber to a Type I fiber.
Definition
False
Term
Normalized for any variability in skeletal muscle length, the speed of contraction of a skeletal muscle fiber is dependent upon ________.
Definition
the rate of myosin ATPase activity
Term
The iron
containing ring in hemoglobin is called ________ and it binds ________.
Definition
heme: oxygen
Term
The interaction between actin and myosin in smooth muscle requires ________.
Definition
that the calcium
-calmodulin complex activates myosin light-chain kinase, which phosphorylates myosin light chain thereby allowing myosin to bind with actin
Term
Erythrocytes are synthesized in what organ and under the control of what chemical?
Definition
bone marrow: erythropoietin
Term
What type of cell is the precursor for platelets?
Definition
megakaryocytes
Term
A normal hematocrit is approximately what value?
Definition
45
Term
Platelets become sticky when exposed to which of the following?
Definition
von Willebrand factor
Term
A skeletal muscle with slower ATPase activity can complete more crossbridge cycles per second.
Definition
False
Term
Old red blood cells are removed from the blood by macrophages in what organ?
Definition
spleen
Term
A power lifter, or olympic lifter, is best suited with Type I fibers.
Definition
False
Term
In smooth muscle, calcium triggers contraction by binding to what protein?
Definition
calmodulin
Term
Hemoglobin transports both oxygen and carbon dioxide.
Definition
True
Term
What causes some muscle to appear red?
Definition
presence of myoglobin
Term
Which of the following is NOT an accurate description of specific muscle fiber types?
Definition
Slow oxidative fibers are quick to fatigue.
Term
Erythrocytes AKA....
Definition
Red blood cells
Term
Buffy coat AKA...
Definition
White blood cells
Term
Your blood should not be above 50% Erythrocytes but if it is, give the three reasons for this, and who is being currently being accused of doing one of these?
Definition
The blood shouldn't be above 50% Erythrocytes, but dehydration can cause it to be above 50%. Also, blood doping, which Lance Armstrong is accussed of, is when you take blood out of your body, and separate the red blood cells then before an event place those red blood cells back into your body. You could also be taking a drug called Epo that helps you make more red blood cells. Blood doping and taking epo are very dangerous, the increase the chance for stroke and/or heart attack by ten fold.
Term
What is the #1 protein in the body?
Definition
Albumin
Term
Nutrients in plasma
Definition
Glucose, amino acids, lipids, and vitamins
Term
Wastes in plasma
Definition
Urea, bilirubin, and creatinine
Term
Gases in plasma
Definition
Oxygen and carbon dioxide
Term
Bilirubin
Definition
Breakdown of red blood cells
Term
Erythrocytes transport what two gases
Definition
Oxygen and carbon dioxide
Term
Red blood cells can stack one on top of each other, what is that formation called and what candy stole that name?
Definition
Realeaux
The Rollo adapted that name
Term
What is the shape of the erythrocytes?
Definition
biconcave disk- has large surface area, favors diffusion. Diameter is 8mm, thickness is 2mm.
Term
How many red blood cells are in a mL of blood?
Definition
5 billion
Term
Erythrocytes
Definition
Flexible membrane, NO nucleus nor organelles, NO mitochondria, NO anaerobic glycolysis.
Term
Major function of Erythrocytes
Definition
Carry oxygen to all the body and take carbon dioxide to the lungs to be breathed out.
Term
Each hemoglobin molecule can carry how many groups of oxygen?
Definition
4
Term
Hemoglobin molecule is made up of what?
Definition
Globin and 4 heme groups
Term
Globin is made up of what?
Definition
4 Chains of polypeptides
Term
Heme is made up of what?
Definition
An iron containing group that can grab onto oxygen and move through the body
Term
Hemoglobin transports how much of oxygen?
Definition
98.5%
1.5% of transported oxygen is dissolved in plasma
Term
What color is hemoglobin (oxygenated, and deoxygenated)
Definition
Oxygenated hemoglobin is Bright red
Deoxygenated hemoglobin is Dark red
Term
How long is the life span of erythrocytes?
Definition
90-120 days
Term
How often are red blood cells replaced?
Definition
2-3 million per second
about 200 billion per day
Term
Where are the red blood cells filtered?
Definition
Spleen(and liver)
Term
Erythrocytes
Definition
NO DNA, RNA, or organelles
NO division of mature RBC's
Term
Requirements of erythrocyte production
Definition
Iron, Folic acid, and Vitamin B12.
Term
Iron
Definition
Oxygen binds to iron in blood
Component of hemoglobin(heme portion) Normal hemoglobin levels
Men: 13-18gram/dL
Women: 12-16gram/dL
Low iron is anemia-exercise training does not produce more iron
Term
Folic Acid and Vitamin B12
Definition
Folic acid and Vitamin B12 are necessary for DNA replication, thus cell proliferation
Both are fortified in breads and cereals.
B12 is only made in stomach of animals
Term
Hemolytic anemia
Definition
Malaria and sickle cell anemia(RBC's are shaped so that they cannot stack on top of each other, makes process painful and slow)
Term
Aplastic anemia
Definition
Bone marrow defect
Term
Renal anemia
Definition
Kidney disease
Term
If the Bilirubin is at high concentration in the blood what problems can it cause?
Definition
Jaundice and fatty liver
Term
Platelets
Definition
Cytoplasmic fragments derived from megakaryocytes, also called thrombocytes(blood clots)
Term
Platelet components
Definition
Colorless
Cell fragments(no nucleus)
Has organelles and granules
100,000-500,000/mL blood
Important in blood clotting
Granules containing secretory products
Term
Platelet secretory products
Definition
ADP, Serotonin, Epinephrine, chemicals for blood coagulation
Term
vWf
Definition
Von Willenbrand factor
Term
Platelets become sticky when...
Definition
they are activated by proteins
Term
Platelet plug(blood clot) formation
First step: Platelet adhesion
Definition
Blood vessel gets damaged
Exposure of subendothelium
vWf binds to collagen fibers
Platelets bind to vWf
Platelet adhesion, sticky, secretions(ADP,Serotonin, Epi)
Term
Platelet plug(blood clot) formation
Second step: Aggregation
Definition
Aggregated platelets release secretory products:
ADP-increases stickiness(+feedback)
Serotonin-vasoconstriction
Epinephrine-vasoconstriction
Chemicals to facilitate blood coagulation
Also produce thromboxane A2(+feedback)
Term
Formation of a blood clot
Definition
Clotting=coagulation-blood conveted into a solid gel called clot or throbus
Occurs around platelet plug
Dominant hemostatic defense mechanism
Hemo=blood, static=lacking in movement
Term
Clot formation
Definition
Fibrinogen->Thromin->Fibrin(loose)->Fibrin(mesh)
(Fibrin clot=blood clot)
Term
What is the normal blood clot time?
Definition
6-8 seconds
Term
Dissolving clot
Definition
Requires another cascade initiated by exposure to collagen
plasminogen->plasminogen activators->plasmin->dissolves the clot

We need thrombin and fibrinogen to clot
We need plasminogen and plasmin to dissolve clot
Term
[image]
Definition
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