Term
Composition of blood (Hematocrit) |
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Definition
55% Plasma 45% Erythrocytes Less than 1% Buffy coat(Leukocytes and platelets) |
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Definition
90% Water 6-8% Proteins Electrolytes -relatively high concentrations of Na+ and Cl- -relatively low concentrations of H+, HCO-3, K+, and Ca2+ |
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Definition
Made up of group of fascicles. Muscle fibers extend length of muscle from tendon to tendon. |
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Definition
Plasma membrane of a muscle cell |
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Term
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Definition
The cytoplasm of a striated muscle fiber. |
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Term
Components of a muscle fiber |
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Definition
Muscle fibers surrounded by connective tissue. Sarcolemma, multinucleated, sarcoplasm. Contains many myofibrils. Sarcoplasmic reticulum(smooth ER) Contains many mitochondria(high energy due to ATP) Transverse tubules(T tubules) |
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Term
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Definition
Give skeletal and cardiac muscle striated appearance. Orderly arrangement of thick and thin filaments(Actin and Myosin) |
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Definition
A band H zone M line I band Z line |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Thick filament No overlap |
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Definition
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Definition
Light band Thin filament No overlapping |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Contractile protein Each G actin has a binding site for myosin |
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Term
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Definition
Regulatory protein Overlaps binding sites on actin for myosin |
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Term
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Definition
Regulatory protein Complex of three proteins -Attaches to actin -Attaches to tropomyosin -Binds calcium reversibly Calcium binding to troponin regulates skeletal muscle contraction |
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Term
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Definition
Myosin tail is toward M line Myosin head is toward I band Myosin head binding sites -Actin binding site -Nucleotide binding site for ATP and ATPase |
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Term
Sliding-Filament Mechanism |
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Definition
Muscle contraction -shortening of muscles Thick and thin filaments overlap Neither thick nor thin filaments shorten Filaments slide past each other Sliding is due to cyclical formation and breaking of cross bridges=crossbridge cycle |
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Term
Within a sarcomere during contraction |
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Definition
A band stays same length I band shortens H zone shortens Sarcomere shortens |
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Term
Which of the following is a property of isometric skeletal muscle contraction? |
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Definition
load is greater than force
generated by muscle |
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Term
A skeletal muscle is composed of a number of ________, each composed of many muscle fibers bundled by connective tissue. |
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Definition
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Term
Thick filaments have many protrusions along their middle (head of the myosin filaments) but none at their ends. |
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Definition
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Term
The region of the striated muscle's banding patterns that contains ONLY the connections linking of thick filaments is the ________. |
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Definition
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Term
What disease is caused when the actin molecule is no longer anchored to the sacrolemma? In essence, when this anchor is missing, muscle cells will die due to diagnosis of __________. |
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Definition
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Term
The myosin head is converted into the high
-energy state by ________. |
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Definition
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Term
In order for crossbridge cycling to occur, the actin
-myosin complex must be broken by the ________. |
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Definition
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Term
The longest phase of a twitch is the ________ phase |
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Definition
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Term
The repeated, oscillating interaction between actin and myosin that results in the generation of force by a skeletal muscle cell is called ________. |
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Definition
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Term
What is the protein component of the thin filament that binds to calcium thereby initiating skeletal muscle contraction? |
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Definition
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Term
During the cross
bridge cycle, ATP binding to myosin causes ________. |
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Definition
the myosin head to detach from actin |
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Term
The binding of calcium complex located on the actin molecule will directly result in ________. |
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Definition
the movement of tropomyosin, thereby exposing the myosin
binding site on the actin molecule |
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Term
The sequence of events that links the action potential to changes in skeletal muscle force development is called ________. |
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Definition
excitation
-contraction coupling |
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Term
The shortening of a skeletal muscle fiber during contraction involves ________. |
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Definition
the sacromeres shortening |
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Term
The release of an inorganic phosphate from the myosin molecule directly results in the ________. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Muscle stays the same length, the load is not lifted. Like pushing against a brick wall. |
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Term
ATP is only used in what phase? |
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Definition
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Term
Calcium complex in Skeletal muscles |
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Definition
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Term
Calcium binding messenger in Smooth muscles? |
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Definition
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Term
What is the shortest and longest of the phases of a muscle twitch? |
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Definition
Shortest is Latent Longest is Relaxation |
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Term
Type 1(Slow oxidative) is given to you by mom and dad, or is made with practice and training? |
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Definition
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Term
What are the 3 types of skeletal muscle fibers and examples of athletes with each fiber type? |
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Definition
Type 1= Slow oxidative, Marathon runner Type 2= Fast oxidative, Mid-distance runner Type 2x(or 2b)= Fast glycolytic, Power lifters and sprinters |
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Term
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Definition
Uses ATP, self sustaining. When it uses up the ATP at hand, it will make more ATP. |
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Term
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Definition
Uses ATP, self sustaining. When it uses up the ATP at hand, it will make more ATP. |
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Term
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Definition
Uses glucose. Limited supply so fatigue will eventually set in. |
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Term
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Definition
Myosin with fast ATPase activity=>relax and contract faster |
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Term
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Definition
Myosin with slow ATPase activity=>Slower relaxation and contraction |
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Term
How much faster is a fast fiber versus a slow fiber? |
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Definition
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Term
Slow fiber contractions last approximately how much longer than fast fibers? |
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Definition
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Term
What is the primary energy through oxidative phosphorylation? |
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Definition
Electron transport chain, it makes 32 ATP in the Oxidative fibers. |
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Term
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Definition
Many mitochondria, Needs lots of myoglobin(red) to move lots of oxygen, small diameter, resistance to fatigue because they make more ATP. |
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Term
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Definition
Fewer mitochondria, many glycolytic enzymes, high glycogen stores(stores in muscles), uses little oxygen(anaerobic), large diameter, quick to fatigue, no myoglobin(white) |
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Term
The primary energy through anaerobic glycolysis makes how many ATP? |
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Definition
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Term
Does each person have all the different muscle fibers or just one type? |
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Definition
Each person has each type, just they favor a specific type. |
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Term
Properties of Slow Oxidative Fibers (Type 1) |
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Definition
Low myosin ATPase, High oxidative capacity-aerobic, Mitochondria, rich blood supply, myoglobin(red), small diameter-little tension and small diffusion barrier, fatigue slowly===>MARATHON RUNNER |
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Term
Properties of Fast Glycolytic Fibers (Type 2x) |
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Definition
High myosin ATPase activity, high glycolytic capacity-high glycogen stores, many glycolytic enzymes, NO myoglobin(white), large diameter-greater tension, fatigue rapidly=====>Power lifters and Sprinters |
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Term
Properties of Fast Oxidative Fibers (Type 2) |
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Definition
High myosin ATPase activity, high oxidative capacity-aerobic, SOME myoglobin(pink), slow to fatigue but more rapid than slow oxidative, intermediate diameter====>Not fast, not slow, probably a mid distance runner |
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Term
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Definition
Excitation-contraction coupling, slow-wave and pacemaker potentials, neural and hormonal control, uses cross bridge cycle, found in internal organs and blood vessels, under involuntary control by autonomic nervous system |
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Term
Property of smooth muscles |
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Definition
spindle shaped(like a football), small, approxamately 1/10 the size of skeletal muscle, no striations, contains actin and myosin==>NO SARCOMERES, higher actin-myosin ratio, actin and myosin much longer, myosin heads over entire length, arranged diagonally, NO Zlines |
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Term
Properties of Smooth Muscles cont. |
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Definition
No nucleus, a lot of tropomyosin, NO troponin, Dense bodies analogous to Z lines, slow myosin ATPase, mysoin has light chains, little sarcoplasmic reticulum==>small calcium holding tank |
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Term
Sliding filament mechanisms of contraction for Smooth muscles |
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Definition
Actin and myosin are longer in smooth muscles than in skeletal muscles, myosin heads whole length, longer range of contraction. |
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Term
The 6 steps of Excitation-Contraction Coupling for Smooth muscles |
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Definition
1. Opening of calcium channels in plasma membrane==>Voltage,receptor, mechanically-gated 2. Calcium triggers release of calcium from sarcoplasmic reticulum (calcium mediated, calcium released from SR) 3. Calcium binds to calmodulin 4. Ca-Calmodulin activates MLCK(myosin light chain kinase) 5. MLCK phosphorylates myosin 6. Crossbridge cycling |
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Term
Relaxation of smooth muscles |
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Definition
Phosphatase removes phosphate from myosin, calcium removed from cytoplasm==>Ca-ATPase, Ca-Na counter transport |
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Term
Regulation of Myosin light chain |
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Definition
Unphosphorylated myosin light chain==>NO ATPase activity, NO Contraction Phosphorylated myosin light chain==>ATPase activity, contraction |
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Term
Non-neural regulation of contraction |
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Definition
Intracellular(Ca) determines tension Intracellular(Ca) influenced by==>Neural control-autonomic nervous system, hormonal control, paracrines(local controls) |
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Term
What is the mechanical portion of the sliding filament theory? |
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Definition
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Term
Myosin head undergoes conformation changes swiveling back-and-forth is? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-high energy form==>ADP and Pi bound to myosin, high affinity for actin -Low energy form==>ATP bound to myosin, low affinity for actin -relies on ATP hydrolysis
Similar to rowing a boat through the water, oar=cross bridge, link of thick filament to thin filament(oar contact with water) -Power Stroke-Myosin head moves propelling thin filaments toward center of muscle(movement of oar propelling boat in water) -Thick and thin filaments detach(oar breaks contact with water -myosin head returns to initial position-->position at rest(oar moved to ner position, cycle starts again)- |
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Term
In the crossbridge cycle, what is ATP responsible for? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
What is the electrical component of the crossbridge cycle? |
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Definition
Excitation-contraction coupling |
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Term
Excitation-contraction coupling |
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Definition
Sequence of events whereby an action potential in the sarcolemma causes contraction. Depends on neural input from motor neurons(efferent), requires calcium release from the SR |
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Term
Role of Calcium in contraction |
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Definition
No Calcium=No contraction, calcium carries the electrical signal, Our bodies can nerver have too little calcium, we just have to get calcium from our bones. |
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Term
NO Calcium in muscle contraction |
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Definition
Troponin holds tropomyosin over myosin binding sites on actin, no crossbridge forms between actin and myosin, Muscle is relaxed |
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Term
Calcium present in muscle contraction |
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Definition
Binds to troponin, causing movement of troponin, causing movement of tropomyosin, exposing binding sites for myosin on actin. Crossbridge forms between actin and myosin, cycle occurs, muscle contracts |
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Term
The 6 steps of Excitation-Contraction Coupling for Skeletal muscles |
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Definition
1. Action potential in sarcolemma 2. Action potential down T tubules 3. DHP(dihydropyramin) receptors of T tubules open Ca2+ channels(ryanodine receptors) in lateral sacs of SR
Side note: if we activate DHP we activate ryanodine which releases calcium 4. Calcium inreases in cytosol 5. Calcium binds to troponin shifting tropomyosin 6. Crossbridge cycling occurs |
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Term
Every contraction is followed by a relaxation. What is it called if your muscles are at a constant contraction state? |
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Definition
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Term
Gating of Sarcoplasmic Reticulum Calcium Channels |
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Definition
Voltage-gated opening==>coupled to T tubules by ryanodine and DHP receptors Calcium-induced opening Calcium-induced closing |
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Term
Termination of contraction |
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Definition
Calcium must leave troponin, allowing tropomyosin to cover myosin binding sites To remove calcium from cytosol -Ca2+ ATPase in sarcoplasmic reticulum -Transports calcium from cytosol into sarcoplasmic reticulum |
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Term
With training, it is possible to convert a Type II fiber to a Type I fiber. |
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Definition
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Term
Normalized for any variability in skeletal muscle length, the speed of contraction of a skeletal muscle fiber is dependent upon ________. |
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Definition
the rate of myosin ATPase activity |
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Term
The iron containing ring in hemoglobin is called ________ and it binds ________. |
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Definition
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Term
The interaction between actin and myosin in smooth muscle requires ________. |
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Definition
that the calcium -calmodulin complex activates myosin light-chain kinase, which phosphorylates myosin light chain thereby allowing myosin to bind with actin |
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Term
Erythrocytes are synthesized in what organ and under the control of what chemical? |
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Definition
bone marrow: erythropoietin |
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Term
What type of cell is the precursor for platelets? |
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Definition
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Term
A normal hematocrit is approximately what value? |
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Definition
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Term
Platelets become sticky when exposed to which of the following? |
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Definition
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Term
A skeletal muscle with slower ATPase activity can complete more crossbridge cycles per second. |
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Definition
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Term
Old red blood cells are removed from the blood by macrophages in what organ? |
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Definition
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Term
A power lifter, or olympic lifter, is best suited with Type I fibers. |
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Definition
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Term
In smooth muscle, calcium triggers contraction by binding to what protein? |
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Definition
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Term
Hemoglobin transports both oxygen and carbon dioxide. |
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Definition
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Term
What causes some muscle to appear red? |
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Definition
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Term
Which of the following is NOT an accurate description of specific muscle fiber types? |
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Definition
Slow oxidative fibers are quick to fatigue. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
Your blood should not be above 50% Erythrocytes but if it is, give the three reasons for this, and who is being currently being accused of doing one of these? |
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Definition
The blood shouldn't be above 50% Erythrocytes, but dehydration can cause it to be above 50%. Also, blood doping, which Lance Armstrong is accussed of, is when you take blood out of your body, and separate the red blood cells then before an event place those red blood cells back into your body. You could also be taking a drug called Epo that helps you make more red blood cells. Blood doping and taking epo are very dangerous, the increase the chance for stroke and/or heart attack by ten fold. |
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Term
What is the #1 protein in the body? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Glucose, amino acids, lipids, and vitamins |
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Term
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Definition
Urea, bilirubin, and creatinine |
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Term
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Definition
Oxygen and carbon dioxide |
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Term
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Definition
Breakdown of red blood cells |
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Term
Erythrocytes transport what two gases |
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Definition
Oxygen and carbon dioxide |
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Term
Red blood cells can stack one on top of each other, what is that formation called and what candy stole that name? |
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Definition
Realeaux The Rollo adapted that name |
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Term
What is the shape of the erythrocytes? |
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Definition
biconcave disk- has large surface area, favors diffusion. Diameter is 8mm, thickness is 2mm. |
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Term
How many red blood cells are in a mL of blood? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Flexible membrane, NO nucleus nor organelles, NO mitochondria, NO anaerobic glycolysis. |
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Term
Major function of Erythrocytes |
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Definition
Carry oxygen to all the body and take carbon dioxide to the lungs to be breathed out. |
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Term
Each hemoglobin molecule can carry how many groups of oxygen? |
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Definition
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Term
Hemoglobin molecule is made up of what? |
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Definition
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Term
Globin is made up of what? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
An iron containing group that can grab onto oxygen and move through the body |
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Term
Hemoglobin transports how much of oxygen? |
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Definition
98.5% 1.5% of transported oxygen is dissolved in plasma |
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Term
What color is hemoglobin (oxygenated, and deoxygenated) |
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Definition
Oxygenated hemoglobin is Bright red Deoxygenated hemoglobin is Dark red |
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Term
How long is the life span of erythrocytes? |
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Definition
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Term
How often are red blood cells replaced? |
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Definition
2-3 million per second about 200 billion per day |
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Term
Where are the red blood cells filtered? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
NO DNA, RNA, or organelles NO division of mature RBC's |
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Term
Requirements of erythrocyte production |
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Definition
Iron, Folic acid, and Vitamin B12. |
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Term
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Definition
Oxygen binds to iron in blood Component of hemoglobin(heme portion) Normal hemoglobin levels Men: 13-18gram/dL Women: 12-16gram/dL Low iron is anemia-exercise training does not produce more iron |
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Term
Folic Acid and Vitamin B12 |
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Definition
Folic acid and Vitamin B12 are necessary for DNA replication, thus cell proliferation Both are fortified in breads and cereals. B12 is only made in stomach of animals |
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Term
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Definition
Malaria and sickle cell anemia(RBC's are shaped so that they cannot stack on top of each other, makes process painful and slow) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
If the Bilirubin is at high concentration in the blood what problems can it cause? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Cytoplasmic fragments derived from megakaryocytes, also called thrombocytes(blood clots) |
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Term
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Definition
Colorless Cell fragments(no nucleus) Has organelles and granules 100,000-500,000/mL blood Important in blood clotting Granules containing secretory products |
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Term
Platelet secretory products |
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Definition
ADP, Serotonin, Epinephrine, chemicals for blood coagulation |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
Platelets become sticky when... |
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Definition
they are activated by proteins |
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Term
Platelet plug(blood clot) formation First step: Platelet adhesion |
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Definition
Blood vessel gets damaged Exposure of subendothelium vWf binds to collagen fibers Platelets bind to vWf Platelet adhesion, sticky, secretions(ADP,Serotonin, Epi) |
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Term
Platelet plug(blood clot) formation Second step: Aggregation |
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Definition
Aggregated platelets release secretory products: ADP-increases stickiness(+feedback) Serotonin-vasoconstriction Epinephrine-vasoconstriction Chemicals to facilitate blood coagulation Also produce thromboxane A2(+feedback) |
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Term
Formation of a blood clot |
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Definition
Clotting=coagulation-blood conveted into a solid gel called clot or throbus Occurs around platelet plug Dominant hemostatic defense mechanism Hemo=blood, static=lacking in movement |
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Term
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Definition
Fibrinogen->Thromin->Fibrin(loose)->Fibrin(mesh) (Fibrin clot=blood clot) |
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Term
What is the normal blood clot time? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Requires another cascade initiated by exposure to collagen plasminogen->plasminogen activators->plasmin->dissolves the clot
We need thrombin and fibrinogen to clot We need plasminogen and plasmin to dissolve clot |
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Definition
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