Term
| Which of the following is an amphipathic molecule? |
|
Definition
| integral membrane protein |
|
|
Term
| If the direction of the net flux of an ion is against its electrochemical gradient, then that transport is passive. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Of the gradients listed below, which is the most accurate description of the force that ultimately determines the movement of ions across the membrane? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following pairs of characteristics is more likely to make a substance diffuse through the cell membrane? |
|
Definition
small, non
-polar molecule |
|
|
Term
| In facilitated diffusion, ________. |
|
Definition
| a molecule is moved with its concentration gradient with the assistance of a protein carrier molecule, and no energy is required |
|
|
Term
| What organelle synthesizes most of the ATP used by cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is the genetic code stored? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When molecules are passively transported across a membrane, the direction of their movement is dictated by the molecule's tendency to move ________. |
|
Definition
| from higher to lower energy |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following is an example of an endogenous fat from an exogenous source? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following organelles is specialized for lipid and steroid synthesis? |
|
Definition
| smooth endoplasmic reticulum |
|
|
Term
| What organelle packages proteins into secretory vesicles? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Molecules with a relatively high lipid solubility are capable of crossing the membrane ________. |
|
Definition
| directly across the lipid bilayer |
|
|
Term
| Anabolism describes the breakdown of large molecules to smaller molecules. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In facilitated diffusion, the carrier protein has equal affinity for the molecule being transported on both sides of the membrane. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When proteins are synthesized by ribosomes on the rough endoplasmic reticulum, where does the translation begin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The concentration of an anion inside a cell is 0.3%. The concentration of this anion outside the cell is 0.1%. How could the cell obtain more of this ion outside the cell? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The sodium proton exchanger is an example of a(n) ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following transport mechanisms requires energy? |
|
Definition
| both primary and secondary active transport |
|
|
Term
| Endocrine glands secrete neurohormones |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In secondary active transport with sodium, which of the following is FALSE? |
|
Definition
| The molecule being transported moves down its electrochemical gradient. |
|
|
Term
| Primary active transporters are similar to carriers, with the exception that they are able to use energy to move ions against their electrochemical gradient. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Receptors for lipophilic chemical messengers are only located on the surface of a cell's membrane. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a molecule that is similar in structure to a messenger and binds with that messenger's receptor to stimulate a response from the target cell called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which type of chemical messenger is released into the bloodstream by an endocrine gland where it can affect target cells throughout the body? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Vesicles formed during phagocytosis or endocytosis often fuse with the membrane of which of the following organelles? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which type of chemical messenger is released from the axon terminal of a neuron and directly communicates with other cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following classes of chemical messengers travels in the bloodstream to the target cell? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Catecholamines are derived from what amino acid? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which type of chemical messenger, when released, binds to receptors on the cell that released the chemical messenger? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following correctly describes phagocytosis? |
|
Definition
| Cells engulf large particles, such as bacteria, by phagocytosis. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Cells which produce ligand |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Has receptors for and responds to messenger
Source->Ligand->Target |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Chemical that signals the same cell that secreted it (source and target are the same) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Messenger produced by neurons. Released into the ECF of synaptic cleft |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Messenger produced by endocrine cells. Secreted into the blood via interstitial fluid. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Messenger produced by neurons. Secreted into blood via interstitial fluid |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Example: Catecholamines which are derived by Tyrosine. Most are lipophobic, except thyroid hormones. Target receptors on cell membrane. Made or derived from an amino acid. Contains an amine group. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| lipophilic. Intracellular target receptors. Derived from Cholesterol. All steroid ligands function as hormones. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Synthesized on demand. Derived from cholesterol molecules. All steroid ligands are similar. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Chemical which binds to receptor. Actions mimics normal response. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Chemical which binds to receptors. Binding does not result in response. Competes with normal ligand. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Fast ligand-gated channels. Receptor and channel are same protein. Action is direct. Binding of ligand causes channel to open or close. Change in transport of ions through channel causes target response. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Receptor and enzyme are same protein. Ligand binding activates enzyme. Action is direct. Activated enzyme cause target response. Examples: Tyrosine kinases and guanylate cyclases |
|
|
Term
| G Protein-linked receptors |
|
Definition
| Regulatory proteins. Link ECF messenger to ion channels or amplifier enzymes. ECF messenger=first messenger(ligand). They are everywhere in the body, they regulate everything. |
|
|
Term
| G Protein second messenger |
|
Definition
| Intracellular messenger. Triggered by first messenger(ligand) activating G protein. Amplifier enzyme activates second messenger production. |
|
|
Term
| Types of second messengers |
|
Definition
| Cyclic AMP, Cyclic GMP, inositol(IP3), Diacetylglucerol(DAG), Calcium ions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Site of communication between two neurons or between a neuron and an effector organ. |
|
|
Term
| How much in the body is DIRECTLY related to the sodium/potassium pump? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How much of the body is INDIRECTLY related to the sodium/potassium pump? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum(ER) |
|
Definition
| Functions in lipid synthesis, including triglycerides and steroids. Stores calcium. Specialized in some cells (Liver smooth er contains detoxification enzymes) |
|
|
Term
| Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum(ER) |
|
Definition
| Functions in synthesis of proteins to be packaged into vescicles. Exported out of cell. Incorporated into plasma membrane. Destined for certain organelles. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Basic structure of membrane. Barrier to passage of water-soluble substances between ICF and ECF. Provides fluidity to membrane. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Adds fluidity to membrane. interferes with hydrophobic interations between phospholipids. Prevents crystallization of phospholipid. Decreases permeability of membrane to water. |
|
|
Term
| Integral membrane proteins |
|
Definition
| Amphipathic. To isolate, the membrane must be disrupted. |
|
|
Term
| Peripheral membrane proteins |
|
Definition
| Easily cut out of membrane because it is only on the outer surface of membrane. Most located on the cytosolic side. Most are part of the cytoskeleton. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Made up of Nuclear envelope, nulear pores, nucleolus. Function: transmission of expression of genetic info. Contains DNA-stores genetic code. DNA transcribes to RNA-necessary to express code. |
|
|
Term
| Cytosol(fluid of the cell) |
|
Definition
| Cytoplasm contains the cytosol, and organelles. Function: location of specific chemical reactions. Storeage of fat, carbohydrates as inclusions. Storage of secretory vesicles. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Functions: Post-translational prcessing of proteins. Packaging of proteins(and other molecules) into vescicles and directing them to target. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Functions: "power house" of cell(generates ATP). Enzymes of Krebs cycle in matrix. Electron transport chain on cristea of inner membrane. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Functions: contain enzymes that degrade cellular or extracellular debris. (endocytosis, phagocytosis) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
