Term
| General characteristics of viruses |
|
Definition
Obligatory intracellular parasites(not truly cells)
Contain DNA or RNA(one or the other)
No ribosomes
No ATP-generating mechanisms(gets ATP from your cells
Contain a protein coat(use cell machinery to make protein coat)
It has to infect a cell and go inside cell to replicate
Some viruses are enclosed by an envelope
Some viruses have spikes-protein spikes
Most viruses infect only specific types of cells in one host
Host range is determined by specific host attachment sites and cellular factors |
|
|
Term
| What is the biggest virus known? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Nucleic acid
-DNA or RNA
Capsid(protein coat)
-Capsomeres(triangle shape on virus)
Envelope(lipid bilayer)
Spikes(made of protein. aka "landing gear" it recognizes the cell with these)
No envelope=naked virus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Virus that infects bacteria |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Family name ends in a -viridae
Genus name ends in a -virus
Viral species:a group of viruses sharing the same genetic information and ecological niche(host)
Common names are used for species
Subspecies are designated by a number(H1N1=flu virus)
Herpesviridae(whole family of herpes) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Attachment:phage attaches by tail fibers to host cell
Penetration:phage lysozyme opens cell wall; tail sheath contracts to force tail core and DNA into cell
Biosynthesis: production of phage DNA and proteins (at this point, virus has taken over normal cell- no normal cell activity, it is only producing stuff for virus)
Maturation: assembly of phage particles
Release: phage lysozyme breaks cell wall |
|
|
Term
| Viral one-step growth curve |
|
Definition
Eclipse period=virus is inside cells trying to replicate more viruses, can't detect many viruses during this time
Acute infection lasts 3-7 days
AIDS-acute infection happens(flu like symptoms) around a month before you can even tell that you have the disease,doesn't produce any antibiotics in blood stream |
|
|
Term
| Multiplication of animal viruses |
|
Definition
Attachment: virus attach to cell membrane
Penetration: by enocytosis or fusion-most cases, the whole virus goes inside cell
Uncoating by viral by host enzymes
Biosynthesis: production of nucleic acid and proteins
Maturation: nucleic acid and capsid proteins assemble
Release by budding(doesn't lysis cell)(enveloped viruses) or rupture(lysis)
If it doesn't bind to right receptor, the cell will not let the virus in.
If a virus is not enveloped, doesn't have membrane around virus |
|
|
Term
| Entry of herpesvirus by fusion |
|
Definition
Herpesvirus has envelope around virus
Viral protein in membrane-recognizes receptors
Membrane of virus and cell membrane fuse together-think of two bubbles in a bubble bath that come together. The come together and join as one bubble, now virus would be in the big bubble without small membrane around it. |
|
|
Term
| Budding of an enveloped virus |
|
Definition
Spikes have been put in membrane of the invaded cell
When the virus first starts to push on the side of the cell to exit the cell, this is called "blebbing out"
Virus leaves with a piece of your cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Activated oncogenes transform normal cells into cancerous cells
Transformed cells have increased growth, loss of contact inhibition, tumor-specific transplant antigens, and T antigens
The genetic material of oncogenic viruses becomes integrated into the host cell's DNA
Not many cells cause cancer, cancerous cells=transformed cells
Oncogenic=cancer causing viruses
DNA virus=incorporate into chromosomes-can't get rid of-cancer causing has to be DNA virus exception=HIV(called retrovirus)
RNA virus-makes DNA out of RNA-therefore, it can incorporate DNA virus into cell
Retro=reverse transcriptase
Take RNA-->DNA
Comes with prepackaged enzyme |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Oncogenic RNA viruses
-Retroviridae
-Viral RNA is transcribed to DNA, which can integrate into host DNA
-HTLV-1
-HTLV-2
These are all lenta viruses |
|
|
Term
| Latent and persistent viral infections |
|
Definition
Virus remains in asymptomatic host cell for long periods
-Cold sores, shingles
Disease process occurs over a long period; generally is fatal
-Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis(measles virus)
AIDS=goes on for years(persistent)
Herpes=no replication in between acute outbreaks(latent)
Shingles=latent |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The study of disease, any kind of disease |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The study of the cause of a disease
Name of the organism is the etiology |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The development of disease
How it developes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Colonization of the body by pathogens
Not normal flora, PATHOGENS |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An abnormal state in which the body is not functioning normal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
An abnormal state in which the body is not functioning normal
State in which body is removed from health |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
May be present for days, weeks, or months
Staph areus- in summer months it takes over due to sweat, goes away in the winter |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Permanently colonize the host
Staph epidermides protect us from pathogens
Normal flora crowds skin so there is no room for transient microbiota
Protect the host by:
-Occupying niches that pathogens might occupy
-Produce acids
-Producing bacteriocins-protein antibiotics-inhibit other microbes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Is the relationship between normal microbiota and the host
They live off my byproducts, in return, they protect me from the other pathogenic microbes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
In COMMENSALISM, one organism benefits, and the other is unaffected-some normal flora, don't benefit you
In MUTUALISM, both organisms benefit
In PARASITISM, one organism benefits at the expense of the other-parasite being harmed by organism
Many normal microbiota are opportunistic pathogens
When they get displaced(cut yourself and normal flora gets in wound) they will infect you, they are no less pathogenic than any other pathogens
E. coli(normal flora of intestines) if it gets in bladder,most causes of bladder infections- it can kill you if it gets too far |
|
|
Term
| Normal flora and the human body |
|
Definition
Mouth to anus is not sterile
Normal flora=eyes, mouth, throat, skin, large intestine, some in small intestine, opening of urinary tract=if it gets up in the urinary tract, you will have a UTI, vagina, opening of urethra. Mucus plug(at cervix)-stops normal flora from going any farther
Bladder infection=your own fecal material infects you |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A competition between microbes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Live microbes applied to or ingested into the body, intended to exert a beneficial effect
Example=Clostridium difaceal-given antibiotic, and it wipes out normal flora of the gut, gets worse with more antibiotic, so they end up having to give the patient a fecal transplant, it works. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A change in body function that is flet by a patient as a result of disease
Can't be measured, can feel it, but can't measure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A change in a body that can be measured or observed as a result of disease
Can be measured, temperature, redness... |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A specific group of signs and symptoms that accompany a disease
Every disease has a syndrome
Collection of signs and symptoms that characterizes disease |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A disease that is spread from one host to another |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A disease that is easily spread from one host to another |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A disease that is not transmitted from one host to another
Anthrax-can't catch it from another patient |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| NEW CASES of a disease in a population during a specified time period-epidemic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| TOTAL CASES of a disease in a population at a given time |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Disease that occurs occasionally in a population
Not an epidemic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Disease constantly present in a population
Common cold(virus dies outside body, so if it wasn't in someone's body at all times, it would die off) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Disease acquired by many hosts in a given area in a short time
Fairly small area(one country/continent) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Immunity in most of a population
It won't spread |
|
|
Term
| Reported AIDS in the United States |
|
Definition
First million cases were from 1981-2007
1993 highest number of cases recorded, they came up with better ways to detect cases, and a new definition of AIDS
HIV=infected with virus-->leads to AIDS
AIDS=lowers white blood count to 200 WBC's per microliter of blood, which is extremely low, should be 10,000
When you get this low, you are like an open petri dish, you are getting stuff a normal person with normal immune system would never let you catch. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Symptoms develop rapidly
Cold, flu |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Symptoms between acute and chronic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Disease with a period of no symptoms when the causative agent is inactive
Herpes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Pathogens are limited to a small area of the body
Infection on finger, local to finger |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
An infection throughout the body
Carried or replicated by blood
High fever
Immune system responding |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Systemic infection that began as a local infection
Bad infection on leg-very infected-in hospital, gotten in blood stream, filtered by the kidney, can get infection in kidney(from leg)
The kidney infection is the focal infection |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Toxic inflammatory condition arising from the spread of microbes, especially bacteria or their toxins, from a focus of infection
Body is responding to infection, don't have to have a blood infection |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Bacteria in the blood
Get everytime you brush your teeth or have a wound |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Growth of bacteria in the blood
Replicates in blood stream
Lupus=Auto immune disease where your immune system loses mechanism to recognize "self" |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Acute infection that causes the initial illness |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Opportunistic infection after a primary(predisposing) infection
Ex: flu in elderly, flu gets down into lungs, gives rise to walking pneumonia or bacterial pneumonia, a lot of times it is the last thing they get, very bad news |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
No noticeable signs or symptoms(inapparent infection)
Carrier(strept throat) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Make the body more susceptible to disease
-Short urethra in females
-Inherited traits, such as the sickle cell gene
-Climate and weather(Cold weather slows down cilliated cells in lungs, making you more susceptible for catching cold)
-Fatigue, and nutrition
-Age(immune system declines after 70 years of age)
-Lifestyle
-Chemotherapy(wipes out immune system, can make immune system go lower than that of AIDS patient) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Incubation period(no signs or symptoms)
Prodromal period(mild signs or symptoms)
Period of illness(most severe signs and symptoms)
Period of decline(signs and symptoms)
Period of convalescence(you aren't contagious anymore) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Continual sources of infection
-Human: AIDS, gonorrhea
--Carriers may have inapparent infections or latent disease
-Animal: rabies, Lyme disease
--Some zoonoses may be transmitted to humans
-Nonliving: botulism, tetanus
--Soil
Stop infection by finding where it started from |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Contact
-Direct: requires close association between infected and susceptible host(touching between people)
-Indirect:spread by fomites(inanimate object)
-Droplet:transmission via airborne droplets |
|
|
