Term
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Definition
PROGRESSIVE DESTRUCTION OF PANCREATIC BETA CELLS BY BODY'S OWN T CELLS
AUTOANTIBODIES CAUSE A REDUCTION OF 80% TO 90% OF NORMAL BETA CELL FUNCTION BEFORE MANIFESTATIONS OCCUR |
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Term
type 1 DM
onset of disease |
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Definition
HISTORY OF RECENT, SUDDEN WEIGHT LOSS
CLASSIC SYMPTOMS: POLYDIPSIA, POLYURIA, POLYPHAGIA |
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Term
prediabetes
impaired glucose tolerance |
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Definition
| fasting glucose levels higher than normal (>100 MG/DL BUT <126 MG/DL) |
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Term
prediabetes
impaired fasting glucose |
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Definition
| 2-hour plasma glucose higher than normal (BETWEEN 140 AND 199 MG/DL) |
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Term
prediabetes
RISK REDUCTION MEASURES INCLUDE |
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Definition
WEIGHT LOSS
REGULAR EXERCISE
HEALTHY NUTRITION |
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Term
type 2 DM
80% TO 90% OF PATIENTS ARE |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| INSULIN PRODUCED IS EITHER INSUFFICIENT OR POORLY UTILIZED (INSULIN RESISTANCE) BY TISSUES |
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Term
type 2 DM
INSULIN RESISTANCE |
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Definition
body tissues do not respond to insulin - insulin receptors either unresponsive or insufficient in number - most receptors on liver, muscle or fat cells
results in hyperglycemia |
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Term
type 2 DM
onset of disease |
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Definition
OSMOTIC FLUID/ELECTROLYTE LOSS FROM HYPERGLYCEMIA MAY BECOME SEVERE
hyperosmolar coma |
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Term
type 1 DM
clinical manifestations |
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Definition
CLASSIC SYMPTOMS - POLYURIA, POLYDIPSIA, POLYPHAGIA
WT LOSS
WEAKNESS
FATIGUE |
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Term
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Definition
useful in determining glycemic levels over time
RBCs don't need insulin for glucose to enter cell
shows amount of glucose attached to hemoglobin molecules over RBC life span(90 to 120 days) |
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Term
| hemoglobin a1c test level |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
RAPID-ACTING
SHORT-ACTING
INTERMEDIATE-ACTING
LONG-ACTING |
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Term
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Definition
| LISPRO (HUMALOG), ASPART (NOVOLOG), AND GLULISINE (APIDRA) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| GLARGINE (LANTUS), DETEMIR (LEVEMIR) |
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Term
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Definition
| ROTATE INJECTIONS WITHIN ONE PARTICULAR SITE - DO NOT ROTATE TO OTHER SITES ON THE BODY |
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Term
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Definition
usually during hours of sleep
explanation for high morning BG
counterregulatory hormones released - rebound hyperglycemia and ketosis occur
check BG between 0200 and 0400 to see if hypoglycemia is present |
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Term
amylin analog- hormone co-secreted with insulin by beta cells that compliments the action of insulin
ex: Pramlintide (Symlin) |
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Definition
ADMINISTERED SUBCUTANEOUSLY
THIGH OR ABDOMEN
CANNOT BE MIXED WITH INSULIN |
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Term
type 2 DM
nutritional therapy |
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Definition
| CALORIE AND WEIGHT REDUCTION |
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Term
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Definition
INCREASE INSULIN RECEPTOR SITES AND DECREASE INSULIN RESISTANCE
LOWERS BLOOD GLUCOSE LEVELS & CONTRIBUTES TO WT LOSS
MONITOR BG LEVELS BEFORE, DURING AND AFTER EXERCISE |
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Term
| STRESS OF ILLNESS AND SURGERY |
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Definition
raise blood glucose levels
continue reg meal plan
raise intake of noncaloric fluids
continue oral agents and insulin
usually non-emergetn if glucose not too high
freq monitoring of blood glucose (ketone testing if glucose >240 mg/dl) |
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Term
DM
nursing management
evaluation of patient's |
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Definition
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Term
DM - acute complications
DKA
correct fluid/electrolyte imbalance |
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Definition
IV INFUSION 0.45% OR 0.9% NaCl
RESTORE URINE OUTPUT
RAISE BLOOD PRESSURE |
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Term
DM - acute complications
DKA
insulin therapy |
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Definition
| WITHHELD UNTIL FLUID RESUSCITATION HAS BEGUN |
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Term
DM - acute complications
DKA |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| hyperosmolar hyperglycemic syndrome |
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Term
| hyperosmolar hyperglycemic syndrome |
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Definition
life-threatening
less common than DKA
often occurs in patients over 60 yrs of age with type 2 DM |
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Term
DM - acute complications
HHS |
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Definition
MEDICAL EMERGENCY
therapy similar to DKA - EXCEPT HHS REQUIRES GREATER FLUID REPLACEMENT |
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Term
DKA/HHS
nursing management |
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Definition
IV FLUIDS - FLUID RESUSCITATION FIRST
ASSESSMENT
SIGNS OF POTASSIUM IMBALANCE
CARDIAC MONITORING
VITAL SIGNS |
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Term
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Definition
RENAL STATUS
CARDIOPULMONARY STATUS
LEVEL OF CONSCIOUSNESS |
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Term
hypoglycemia
at first sign... |
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Definition
CHECK BLOOD GLUCOSE
IF<70 MG/DL, BEGIN TREATMENT
if >70 mg/dl investigate further for cause of s/s
IF MONITORING EQUIPMENT NOT AVAILABLE, TREATMENT SHOULD BE INITIATED |
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Term
hypoglycemia
treatment
if alert enough to swallow |
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Definition
| PATIENT SHOULD EAT REGULARLY SCHEDULED MEAL/SNACK TO PREVENT HYPOGLYCEMIA FROM RECURRING |
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Term
hypoglycemia - treatment
no improvement after 2-3 doses of simple carb or can't swallow |
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Definition
ADMINISTER 1MG OF GLUCAGON IM OR SUBQ - SIDE EFFECT: REBOUND HYPOGLYCEMIA
HAVE PT INGEST A COMPLEX CARB AFTER RECOVERY IE: CHEESE AND CRACKERS |
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