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Comedy of professional player.
Highly valued because of the high level of performance. |
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| general plot for any given performance in commedia dell'arte during the renaissance |
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everyone was familiar with.
Players might play one character their entire lives
Pantalone– miserly old man
Arlecchino (Harlequin), --cunning clown
Punch and Judy– the lovers
Columbina—zanni servant
Players still used masks to portray character |
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Proscenium arch
inigo jones
Designed space with stage and staggered wings and painted backdrop that gave a sense of perspective, vanishing point.
Italian designer-Sebastiano Serilo
1st theater to use changeable scenery.
Introduced proscenium arch to theater developed from Roman theater.
proscenium arch, a “frame” that surrounds the stage, permitting the audience and distancing the actors |
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Born 1533 - 1603
The reign of Queen Elizabeth is known as the Elizabethan age in England
The daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn, who was executed when Elizabeth was only two, she reigned as Queen of England from 1558 until 1603.
She never married and consequently was known as the Virgin Queen. A whole mythology developed around the Queen, both in art and literature, and she possessed a personality strong enough to convert the monarchy into a cult in which the Sovereign was literally idolized.
A flamboyant figure, she loved music, dancing, singing, masques and plays. She adored extravagant dress and expected lavish entertainment as she crossed the country. |
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The large open-air theatres, purpose-built as commercial playhouses, were an innovation of the 1580s, but their open stages and lack of scenery were common to other places the actors would have performed-such as the halls at Court and in great houses, or the inn yards they might use when on tour.
The Swan
The Rose
The Globe
The Fortune |
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shakespeare:
theatre
types of plays |
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The Globe. Lord Chamberlain's men.
Commedy (Midsummer)
Tragedy (Hamlet)
History (Henry IV) |
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Puppet theater- large puppets 2/3 life size
With three handlers dressed in black
Chanters- do all the text, play all the characters as well as narrator
Music- shamisen- three stringed instrument |
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Started when female dancer began to give public performances
Originally performed by women but women were banned in 1629
Female impersonators took over |
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1660 Charles II was restored to the throne
Actors had been persecuted, drolls only were performed.
While exiled in France the court was exposed to French and Italian theatrical devices
As a result new theaters were built-
Theater Royal
Drury Lane
Lincoln’s Fields Inn
Dorset Garden Theater
actresses
breech roles
closet dramas |
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Written expressly for the court
Performed in banquet halls with the King/Queen and court participating
Inigo Jones- designed stage and costumes. |
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NEOCLASSICISM- an attempt to revive and emulate classical attitudes towards art based on
Order
Harmony
Unity
Restrained wit
Decorum |
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Neoclassical drama
Strict unity of time, place, action
No mixing of comedy/tragedy
No chorus
No soliloquy
No deus ex machina |
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| Restoration scenic changes |
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New theaters ….
Long and narrow
Indoors
Artificial lighting
Theaters were open year round
Painted backdrops
Actors could enter/ exit the stage from the wings or in between the drops. |
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Heroic Tragedy-extraordinary characters who undertook extraordinary deeds. Themes of love and honor
Restoration tragedy-follows neoclassical rules
Reworking Shakespeare's with happy endings |
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Comedy of humor- one trait overshadows all others
Farces
Comedies of manners-
Comedies of intrigue-romance and adventure
Aphra Behn-first know English woman dramatist.
Audience was upper-class |
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Influenced by Moliere—
Makes fun of the manners of society ( The Importance of Being earnest)
Fashion and Foibles of the upper class
Gossip, adultery , sex
Witty repartee-exchanges of dialogue
Stock characters whose names describe their personality
Dramatist-
William Wycherley
William Congreve |
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Apron- area in front of proscenium arch was equal in size to the stage behind the arch
The entire stage was raked to improve sightlines
Upstage- downstage
Scenery was painted on flats
Indoor lighting was candles, chandeliers
Costumes –contemporary clothing |
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| 19th century technical innovations |
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Gas Jets-
Lights could be dimmed in the theater as a result the house could be gradually or completely darkened.
Selective lighting could heighten emotional effect of plays.
Actors moved off of the apron and deeper into set.
Scenery-
machinery lifted actors from the stage
flies or fly galleries above the stage permitted
scene changes and other dramatic effects.
Stage-
apron shrank
proscenium opening became “fourth wall” |
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| 19th century production changes |
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In 1840 costumes began to accurately reflect the period of the drama.
Designers began to research the period of the play in an effort to reproduce accurate clothing.
Good lighting demanded better scenery and costumes
The director- due to emerging complexity he/she fulfilled a need. |
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British romantic poets
John Keats
Percy Bysshe Shelly
Lord Byron
Closet dramas- plays to be read not produced |
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Melo -means song. Originally resembled comic operettas
Later developed into dramas using background music to alter the mood.
Virtuous maiden
Unscrupulous landlord
Plays were sentimental with well defined heroes, heroines and villains
Lots of twists and turns in the plots
Strong emotional appeal
Decisive endings
Uncle Tom's Cabin |
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Eugene Scribe
Exposition- an explanation of what is going on and one or two surprises
Surprise- a letter opened at a critical moment
Suspense –steadily built throughout the play
Climax-late in the play, secrets are revealed, hero confronts antagonist and wins!
Denouement- resolution of the drama, all lose ends are tied up |
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Henrik Ibsen
1879
modern drama |
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| The Importance of Being Earnest |
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Comedy of Manners
Oscar Wilde |
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| Actress and King Charles II's mistress. She had two sons with him. |
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| Restoration actor known for his realistic movements |
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Hermia loves Lysander. Demetrius loves Hermia. Helena loves Demetrius.
Helena has the soliloquy. |
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| Nora, Torvlad, Dr. Rank, Mrs. Linde, Ann-Marie, Krogsdad |
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| Orgon, Elmire, Damis, Mariane, Madame Pernelle, Valere, Cleante, Tartuffe, Dorine |
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| The Importance of being Earnest Characters |
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| Jack, Agernon, Cecily, Gwendolyn,Lady Bracknell, Miss Prism, Rev. |
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